Contents

 
• Preliminaries
  • Editorial preface
  • Main technical authors
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• User's guide
  • Background
    • EAGLES objectives
    • EAGLES organisational structure
    • EAGLES workplan
  • Spoken Language systems, standards and resources
    • Spoken Language systems
    • Standards and resources for Spoken Language systems
      • Spoken Language standards and resources in Europe
      • The ESPRIT SAM project
      • Other EU projects
      • The European Language Resources Association
      • Spoken Language standards and resources worldwide
      • COCOSDA
      • The Linguistic Data Consortium
  • The EAGLES Spoken Language Working Group (WG5)
    • Subgroups of the EAGLES Spoken Language Working Group
    • Relationships with the other EAGLES Working Groups
    • Workshops
    • Production of the handbook
    • Consultation with the R&D Community
  • Overview of the handbook
    • Intended readership
    • Scope
      • Spoken Language system design and specification
      • Spoken Language resources
      • Assessment of Spoken Language systems
      • The reference material
    • The main chapters of the handbook
      • System design
      • Spoken Language corpus design
      • Spoken Language corpus collection
      • Spoken Language corpus representation
      • Spoken Language lexica
      • Language models
      • Physical characterisation and description
      • Assessment methodologies and experimental design
      • Assessment of recognition systems
      • Assessment of speaker verification systems
      • Assessment of synthesis systems
      • Assessment of interactive systems
  • The current state of play
  • Possible future actions
    • Revision and completion of existing documentation
    • Extended survey of existing practice
    • Extension of language base
    • Terminology
    • Move to prescriptive recommendations
    • Publication and dissemination
    • Coordination with other bodies
  • Contact points
  • Acknowledgements
• Spoken language system and corpus design
  • System design
    • Introduction
      • System capability profile versus application requirement profile
      • Technical features versus system capabilities
      • System in operation versus laboratory prototype
    • Speech recognition systems
      • Speaker dependency
      • Speaker-adapted systems
      • Speaking aspects
        • Speaking mode
        • Speaking fluency
        • Speaking rate
        • Non-speech sounds
      • Vocabulary aspects
        • Lexicon size
        • Speech training material
        • Speech data collection
        • Lexicon generation
        • Speech modelling and syntactic rules
        • Field speech data (in-situ recording)
      • Branching factor (perplexity factor)
      • Rejection mode
      • Application vocabulary and confusion matrix
      • Speaker selection
      • Language modelling
      • Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation
      • Task/Application adaptation
      • Speech recognition and application interfaces
      • Speech input and speech signal acquisition
        • Microphone interfaces
        • Telephone interfaces
      • Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation)
      • Error measure presentation
      • Error handling
        • Time out
        • Signal-to-noise ratio
      • Response time
    • Speaker verification/identification
      • Speaker verification versus speaker identification
      • Speaker characteristics verification or identification
      • Error measure
        • Speaker verification errors
        • Speaker identification error
      • Training
      • Exploitation
        • Text dependent approach
        • Text independent approach
        • Speech quantity and quality
        • Adding / Removing speakers
    • Speech synthesis
      • Speech recording, storage, and playback
      • Canned speech
      • Text-to-speech synthesis
        • Linguistic part
        • Phonetic part
        • Acoustic module
        • Quality measures
      • Multi-linguality
    • Interactive voice systems
      • Menu-driven systems
      • Sophisticated dialogue manager
      • Interaction with an information database
      • Error recovery strategy
      • Routing to an operator
      • DTMF, pulse detection, and voice recognition
    • System platform
      • Software aspects
        • Operating systems
        • Drivers
        • Application programming interfaces (APIs)
        • Application generators
      • Hardware aspects
        • Platforms
        • Speech processing boards
        • Speech input/output interfaces
        • Connectivity
        • Real-time aspects
      • Planning for expansion
    • System simulation and prototyping
    • Host-computer interfaces
    • Computer telephony integration
    • Multi-lingual aspects
    • System dimension configuration
    • Statistical tools
    • Conclusion
    • Recommendation: Requirement profiles
  • SL corpus design
    • Introduction
      • Spoken language corpus
      • About this chapter
    • Eight main differences between collections of written and spoken language data
      • Durability of text, volatility of speech
      • Different production times for text and speech
      • Correcting errors in the production of text and speech
      • Orthographic identity and phonetic variability of lexicalised units
      • Printable ASCII-strings and continuously sampled speech
      • Size differences between NL and SL data
      • The different legal status of written texts and spoken words
      • The different nature of categories and time functions
    • Applications of spoken language corpora
      • Speech corpora for research purposes
        • Phonetic research
        • Sociolinguistic research
        • Psycholinguistic research
        • First language acquisition
        • Second language acquisition
        • General linguistic research
        • Audiology
        • Speech pathology
      • Speech corpora for technological applications
        • Speech synthesis
        • Speech recognition
          • Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems
          • Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems
          • Isolated words vs. continuous speech
          • Corpora for speech recognition research
        • Spoken language systems
        • Speaker recognition/verification
          • Channel conditions
          • Psychological and physiological conditions
    • Specification of the linguistic content
      • Different types of speech data
        • Read aloud isolated phonemes
        • Read aloud isolated words
        • Read aloud isolated sentences
        • Read aloud text fragments
        • Semi-spontaneous speech
        • Spontaneous speech about a predetermined subject
        • The Wizard of Oz technique
        • Spontaneous speech
      • Factorial experiments and corpus studies
    • Specification of number and type of speakers
      • Corpus size in terms of speakers
        • Speech corpora with few speakers
        • Speech corpora with about 5 to 50 speakers
        • Speech corpora with more than 50 speakers
        • General remarks
      • Speaker characteristics
        • Stable / transient speaker characteristics
        • Demographic coverage
        • Male / female speakers
        • Age
          • Voice quality
          • Vocabulary and syntax
        • Weight and height
        • Smoking and drinking habits
        • Pathological speech
        • Professional vs. untrained speakers
        • Geographical and sociolinguistic factors
    • Final comments
  • SL corpus collection
    • Introduction
    • Data collection dimensions
      • Visibility: open vs. secret
      • Clandestine microphone recordings
        • Recommendations
      • Visible recordings
        • Recommendations
      • Environment: Studio vs. on location
        • Recording in a studio
        • Recommendations
        • Recording on location
        • Recommendations
      • Interaction and control
        • Random recordings
        • Spontaneous dialogue recordings
        • Interview recordings
        • Read speech recordings
        • Speaker prompting
        • Recommendations
      • Monitoring and validation
      • Multi-channel recording
        • Laryngography
        • Electropalatography
        • Electromagnetic articulography
        • Cineradiography
        • Air-flow measurements
        • X-ray microbeam
        • Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
        • Ultrasound imaging
    • Procedures
      • Equipment
        • Microphone
        • Recommendations
        • Amplifier/Processor
        • Recommendations
        • Recording device
        • Recommendations
      • Management
        • Speaker database
        • Speaker recruitment
        • Recommendations
        • Scheduling speakers
        • Recommendations
        • Cost
        • Recommendations
      • Wizard of Oz
        • Recommendations
      • Legal aspects
  • SL corpus representation
    • Introduction
      • The transcription of read speech versus the transcription of spontaneous speech
        • Transcription of dialogues
      • Levels and types of transcription
    • Concerning the segmentation and labelling of speech signals
      • Background
      • A caveat
      • Use of segmented speech databases
      • The CRIL conventions
      • Manual segmentation
      • Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation
      • Segmentation and labelling in the VERBMOBIL project
    • The levels and types of symbolic representations of speech
      • Recording script
      • Orthographic transcription
        • Reduced word forms
        • Dialect forms
        • Numbers
        • Abbreviations and spelled words
        • Interjections
        • Orthographic transcription of read speech
        • Orthographic transcription as the first of many levels
      • Morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic representations
      • Citation-phonemic representation
      • Broad phonetic or phonotypic transcription
      • Narrow phonetic transcription
      • Acoustic-phonetic transcription
      • Physical transcription
      • Prosodic transcription
        • Types of approach to prosodic labelling
        • Examples of the two types of approach
        • The ToBI labelling system
        • The MARSEC labelling system
        • The IPO approach
        • Prosodic labelling in the VERBMOBIL project
        • Provisional recommendations for prosodic transcription
      • Non-linguistic and other phenomena
    • List of recommendations
• Spoken language characterisation
  • Spoken language lexica
    • Introduction
      • Lexica for spoken language systems
      • Lexical information as properties of words
        • Types of application for spoken language lexica
        • Spoken language lexical databases as a general resource
        • Lexica in selected spoken language systems
      • Recommendations on resources
    • What is a spoken language lexicon?
      • Basic features of a spoken language lexicon
      • Lexical databases and system lexica for spoken language
      • Spoken language and written language lexica
      • Basic lexicographic coverage criteria
      • The lexicon in spoken language recognition systems
      • Recommendations on defining spoken language lexica
    • Types of lexical information in spoken language lexica
      • Lexicon models and lexical representation
      • A simple sign model for lexical properties
      • Lexical units
        • Kinds of lexical unit
        • Fully inflected form lexica
        • Stem and morph lexica
        • The notion of ``lexical lemma''
      • Lexical properties and lexical relations in spoken language
      • Recommendations on types of lexical information
    • Lexical surface information
      • Orthographic information
      • Pronunciation information
      • Prosodic information
      • Recommendations on lexical surface information
    • Morphological information
      • Types of morphological information
      • Applications of morphology
      • Recommendations on morphology
    • Grammatical information
      • Statistical language models
      • Sentence syntax information
      • Recommendations on grammatical information
    • Lexical content information
      • Lexical semantic information
      • Pragmatic information
      • Idiomatic information
      • Recommendations on semantic information
    • Lexicon structure
      • Spoken language lexicon formalisms
      • Lexicon architecture and lexical database structure
      • Lexicon architecture and the structure of lexical databases
        • A simple database type: Pronunciation tables
        • More complex lexical databases
      • Recommendations on lexicon structure
    • Lexical knowledge acquisition for spoken language
      • Stages in lexical knowledge acquisition
      • Types of knowledge source
        • Dictionaries
        • Corpora
        • Acquisition tools
      • Recommendations on lexicon construction
    • Outlook
  • Language models
    • Introduction
      • Goals of the chapter
      • Advice to the reader
    • System architecture for speech recognition
      • Bayes decision rule
      • Stochastic language modelling
      • Types of language models
      • Why does the trigram language model work?
    • Perplexity definition
      • Formal definition
      • Implications of the perplexity definition
      • Extensions of the perplexity definition
      • Recommendations
    • Language model smoothing: modelling unseen events
      • Problem formulation
      • Linear discounting and backing-off
      • Linear interpolation
      • Absolute discounting and backing-off
      • Conclusion
    • Multilevel smoothing for trigram models
      • Problem formulation
      • The full trigram model
      • Practical issues
      • Cache
      • Experimental results
      • Recommendations: m-gram language models
    • Refined language models
      • Equivalence histories and word classes
      • Grammar based language models
      • Recommendations: Refined language models
    • Language models and search
      • Sources of recognition errors
      • Search: Finding the single best sentence
      • Search: Word graphs
      • Recommendations: Language models and search
    • Final note: the mathematics of smoothing
      • Linear discounting and backing-off
      • Linear interpolation
      • Absolute discounting and backing-off
  • Physical characterisation and description
    • Introduction
      • The communication chain
      • Specifications for speech corpora production and speech assessment environments
      • Recommendations on recording strategies
    • Basic notations and terminology
      • Periodic and aperiodic motion
      • The dB scale
      • Phones and sones
      • Analog and digital speech signal representation
        • Sampling
        • Quantisation and coding
    • Talker / listener descriptors
      • General (demographic) descriptors
      • Task specific descriptors
        • Talker descriptors
          • General talker descriptors
          • Anatomical (voice) descriptors
          • Habitual speech descriptors
          • Audiometric descriptors
        • Listener descriptors
          • General listener descriptors
          • Audiometric descriptors
    • Transducer characteristics
      • Microphones and speech recordings
        • Microphones
          • Conversion principles
          • Directional characteristics
        • Recording environment
          • Small room acoustics
          • Recording rooms
        • Recording chain: studio vs. on-site
          • Studio
          • On-site
        • Data collection
        • Recording procedure
        • Recommendations on microphones and speech recordings
          • Recommendations on microphones
          • Recommendations on the recording environment
          • Recommendations on the recording chain: studio
          • Recommendations on the recording chain: on-site
          • Recommendations on data collection
          • Recommendations on the recording procedure
      • Parallel recordings
        • Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs)
        • Physiological measurements
        • Mimic and gesture recordings
        • Recommendations on parallel recordings
    • Environment characteristics
      • Artificial vs. natural environment
        • Recommendations on artificial vs. natural environment
      • Auditory environment
        • Use and compensation of headphones
          • Open vs. closed headphones
          • Using diffuse-field equalised headphones
          • Insertion-loss compensation
          • Feedback compensation
        • Modelling of the auditory perspective
          • Talker mirroring in the virtual room
          • Subject conditioning
        • Recommendations on the auditory environment
      • Visual environment
        • Head mounted visual displays (``eyephones'')
        • Frontal visualisation
        • Recommendations on the visual environment
      • Miscellaneous environmental factors
    • Recording chain characteristics
      • Signals and systems
      • Linear distortions
        • Amplitude distortions
        • Phase distortions
      • Non-linear distortions
      • Recommendations on recording chain characteristics
    • Reproducibility assurance procedures
      • Description of recording conditions
      • References and standards
        • Reference signals
        • Reference channels
      • Recommendations on reproducibility
    • Analysis and conditioning tools for speech signals
      • Signal analysis and measurement
        • Hardware devices
        • Software tools
      • Signal conditioning
        • Modification of speech parameters
        • Signal contamination
        • Binaural processing
        • Simulation of environmental factors
      • Recommendations on analysis and conditioning tools for speech signals
• Spoken language system assessment
  • Assessment methodologies and experimental design
    • Introduction
      • How to read this chapter
      • Role of statistical analysis and experimentation in Language Engineering Standards (LES)
    • Statistical and experimental procedures for analysing data corpora
      • Statistical analysis
      • Populations, samples and other terminology
      • Sampling
      • Biases
      • Estimating sample means, proportions and variances
        • Estimating means
        • Estimating proportions
        • Estimating variance
        • Ratio of sample variances
      • Hypothesis testing
        • Simple hypothesis testing
        • Analysis of Variance
        • Non-parametric tests
    • Experimental procedures
      • Experimental selection of material
      • Segmentation
      • Classification
    • Assessing recognisers
      • Baseline performance
      • Progress
      • Functional adequacy and user acceptance
      • Methodology
        • Application oriented
        • Reference oriented
        • Calibrated databases
        • Manipulated, artificial and diagnostic databases
      • Experimental design
    • Assessing speaker verification and recognition systems
      • Sampling rare events in speaker verification and recognition systems
      • Employing expert judgments to augment speaker verification and assessment for forensic aspects of speaker verification and recognition
    • Interactive dialogue systems
      • Wizard of Oz (WOZ)
        • Audio-only simulations
          • Requirements
          • Subject variables
          • Wizard variables
        • Multimodal
      • Dialogue metrics
        • Psycholinguistic metrics
        • Acoustic-based measures
  • Assessment of recognition systems
    • Introduction
      • Classification of recognition systems
      • Speech quality and conditions
      • Capability profile versus requirement profile
      • Assessment purpose versus methodology
    • Definitions and nomenclature
      • The performance measure as percentage
      • Recognition score
        • Isolated word scoring
        • Connected or continuous word scoring
      • Confusions
      • Vocabulary
      • Analysis of Variance design
    • Description of methodologies
      • Representative databases
      • Reference methods
      • Specific calibrated databases
      • Diagnostic methods with a specific vocabulary
      • Artificial test signals
    • Parameters
      • Pre-production parameters
      • Post-production parameters
      • Linguistic parameters
      • Recogniser specific parameters
      • Assessment parameters
    • Experimental design of small vocabulary word recognition
      • Technical set-up
      • Training
      • Test procedure
        • Addition of noise
        • Automatic gain control
      • Scoring the results
      • Analysis of results
        • Basic statistics, ANOVA
        • Confusion matrices
    • Experimental design of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition
      • Training material
        • Acoustic training
        • Lexicon
        • Language model
      • Development test
      • Dry run
      • Test material selection
      • Evaluation protocol
      • Scoring method
  • Assessment of speaker verification systems
    • Presentation
      • Speaker classification tasks
      • General definitions
    • A taxonomy of speaker recognition systems
      • Task typology
        • Speaker identification versus speaker verification
        • Related tasks
        • Types of error
      • Levels of text dependence
      • Interaction mode with the user
      • Definitions
      • Examples
        • Text-dependent systems
        • Fixed-vocabulary systems
        • Unrestricted text-independent systems
    • Influencing factors
      • Speech quality
      • Temporal drift
      • Speech quantity and variety
      • Speaker population size and typology
      • Speaker purpose and other human factors
      • Recommendations
      • Example
    • Scoring procedures
      • Notation
        • Registered speaker population
        • Test impostor population
      • Closed-set identification
        • Misclassification rates
        • Mistrust rates
        • Confidence ranks
        • Comments
        • Example
      • Verification
        • False rejection rates
        • False acceptance rates and imposture rates
        • Relative unreliability, vulnerability and imitation ability
        • Comments
        • Example
        • Expected benefit
        • Threshold setting
        • System operating characteristic
        • System characteristic modelling
        • Example
      • Open-set identification
      • Recommendations
    • Comparative and indirect assessment
      • Reference systems
      • Human calibration
      • Transformation of speech databases
    • Applications, systems and products
      • Terminology
      • Typology of applications
        • Telecommunication (remote) applications
        • On-site (local) applications
      • Examples of speaker verification systems
      • Examples of speaker verification products
      • Alternative techniques
      • Conclusions
    • System and product assessment
      • System assessment
      • Product assessment
      • Recommendations
    • Forensic applications
      • Listener method
      • Spectrographic method
      • Semi-automatic method
      • Recommendations
    • Conclusions
  • Assessment of synthesis systems
    • Introduction
      • What are speech output systems?
      • Why speech output assessment?
      • Users of this chapter
    • Towards a taxonomy of assessment tasks and techniques
      • Glass box vs. black box
        • Recommendations on choice of test methodology
      • Laboratory vs. field
        • Recommendations on choice of test methodology
      • Linguistic vs. acoustic
      • Human vs. automated
      • Judgment vs. functional testing
      • Global vs. analytic assessment
    • Methodology
      • Subjects
        • Recommendations on choice of subjects
      • Test procedures
        • Recommendations on choice of response modality
      • Benchmarks
      • Reference conditions
        • Segmental reference conditions
        • Recommendations on choice of segmental reference conditions
        • Prosodic reference conditions
        • Recommendations on choice of temporal reference conditions
        • Recommendations on choice of melodic reference conditions
        • Voice characteristics reference conditions
        • Overall quality reference conditions
        • Recommendations on choice of overall quality reference conditions
      • Comparability across languages
    • Black box approach
      • Laboratory testing
        • Functional laboratory tests
        • Recommendations on functional testing of overall output quality
        • Judgment laboratory tests
        • Recommendations on judgment testing of overall output quality
      • Field testing
        • Preliminary remarks
        • Field tests
    • Glass box approach
      • Linguistic aspects
        • Pre-processing
        • Grapheme-phoneme conversion
        • Word stress
        • Morphological decomposition
        • Syntactic parsing
        • Sentence accent
      • Acoustic aspects
        • Segments
          • Functions of segments
          • Segmental tests
            • Segmental tests at the word level
            • Segmental tests at the sentence level
        • Recommendations on specific segmental quality tests
        • Prosody
          • Functions of prosody
          • Judgment tests of prosody
          • Functional tests of prosody
        • Voice characteristics
          • Functions of voice characteristics
          • Voice characteristics tests
        • Relationships among tests
    • Further developments in speech output testing
      • Introduction
      • Long-term strategy: Towards predictive tests
        • From human to automated testing
        • Predicting functional behaviour from judgment testing
        • Predicting global from analytic testing
        • Predicting field performance from laboratory testing
      • Linguistic testing: Creating test environments for linguistic interfaces
      • Acoustic testing: Developments for the near future
        • Segmental quality testing
        • Prosodic quality testing
        • Voice characteristics testing
        • Overall quality testing
    • Conclusion: summary of test descriptions
      • SAM Standard Segmental Test
      • CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)
      • The Bellcore Test
      • Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)
      • Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)
      • Haskins Syntactic Sentences
      • SAM Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)
      • Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences
      • SAM Prosodic Form Test
      • SAM Prosodic Function Test
      • SAM Overall Quality Test
      • ITU-T Overall Quality Test
  • Assessment of interactive systems
    • Introduction
      • About this chapter
        • Purpose
        • Scope
        • Terminology
      • Reading guide
        • Different needs addressed
          • Comparing existing systems
          • Improving existing systems
          • Designing new systems
        • Section summary
    • Interactive dialogue systems
      • Definitions
        • Interactive dialogue systems compared to command systems
        • Interactive complexity of dialogue systems
          • Menu dialogue systems
          • Spoken language dialogue systems
          • Multimodal dialogue systems including speech
    • Specification and design
      • Design by intuition
      • Design by observation
      • Design by simulation
        • The Wizard of Oz technique
        • Requirements for WOZ simulations
        • Variables in spoken WOZ experiments
          • Subject variables
          • Wizard variables
          • Communication channel variables
        • An iterative WOZ methodology
          • The pre-experimental phase
          • The first experimental phase
          • Second or subsequent experimental phases
        • WOZ conclusions
      • Iterative design methodology for spoken language dialogue systems
        • Interactive voice response systems: recommendations
          • Recommendations on design methodology
          • Recommendations on prompt design
        • Spoken language dialogue systems: recommendations
          • Recommendations on design methodology
          • Additional recommendations
      • Readings in interactive dialogue system specification
    • Evaluation
      • Background
      • Characterisation
        • Dialogue system characterisation
          • Knowledge databases
          • Dialogue strategies
        • Task characterisation
          • Task type
          • Task complexity
        • User characterisation
        • Environment characterisation
        • Result corpus characterisation
        • Overall system characterisation
      • Assessment framework
        • Assessment metrics
          • The environment in which tests take place
          • The degree of simulation or system integration
          • How much is being evaluated?
        • Glass box assessment
        • Black box assessment
          • Quantitative measures
          • Qualitative measures
        • A core set of metrics for system comparison
          • Dialogue duration
          • Turn duration
          • Contextual appropriateness
          • Correction rate
          • Transaction success
      • Recommendations on evaluation methodology
      • Readings in interactive dialogue system evaluation
• References
• Spoken language reference materials
  • Character codes and computer readable alphabets
    • Introduction
    • ASCII
      • Problems
    • Multi-Byte encodings
      • ISO 10646
      • The Unicode standard
    • Translation of code tables
      • Specific vs. general converters
      • MIME
    • Computer readable phonetic alphabets
      • IPA subsets
      • Full IPA alphabet encoding
    • References
  • SAMPA computer readable phonetic alphabet
    • Introduction
      • Notation issues
      • Transcription
      • Coding
      • Further languages
    • SAMPA: Present status
    • The phonemic notation of individual languages
      • Bulgarian
      • Danish
      • Dutch
      • English
      • Estonian
      • French
      • German
      • Greek
      • Hungarian
      • Italian
      • Norwegian
      • Polish
      • Portuguese
      • Romanian
      • Spanish
      • Swedish
    • Levels of annotation and extension of SAMPA
      • SAMPA as a phonemic system
      • Detailed phonetic or acoustic annotation
    • SAMPROSA (SAM PROSodic Alphabet): symbol set
    • References
  • SAM file formats
    • Introduction
    • Speech file and associated description file formats
    • Label file format
      • Label file header format
      • Label file body format
      • Label types
      • Label File example
    • Files used in a recording session using EUROPEC
      • Corpus File: CORPUS.DBF
      • Speaker File: SPEAKERS.DBF
      • Prompt file
    • Protocol description file
      • Codes used for presentation protocol (Protocol Description File)
      • Example of Protocol Description File
    • Recording conditions file
    • PRIVATE.PEC file
  • SAM recording protocols
    • Definition of terms
    • Classification of general strategies for recording and prompting
      • Recording mode
    • Prompting style
      • Timing strategy
    • Recording protocol
      • Microphone
      • Other sensors
      • Speech data capture
      • Recording environment
      • Recording mode and prompting style
      • Recording control
      • Recording procedure
      • Integrity checks
      • Backup procedures
      • Retrieval procedures
      • Calibration
      • Inter site consistency and recording procedure verification
      • Collation of recordings
  • SAM software tools
    • DKISALA (Interactive Semi-Automatic Labelling Software)
    • ELSA (ESPRIT Labelling System Assessment software)
    • EUROPEC (European Program d'Enregistrement de Corpus)
    • PTS (Progiciel de Traitement de Signal)
    • RESAM
    • SAMITPRO (SAM Iterative Proportional Fitting)
    • SAM_REC0 Isolated Word Recogniser
    • SAM_SCOR (Sam Input Assessment Scoring Software)
    • SAM_SLM
    • SAM_SPEX (Speech Parameter Extractor)
    • SAMTRA (SAM TRanscription Analysis)
    • SOAP (Speech Output Assessment Package)
    • PTM (Parametric Test Manager)
  • EUROPEC recording tool
  • Digital storage media
    • Storage media dimensions
      • Permanence
      • Order of access
      • Other storage media characteristics
      • Compression
    • CD-ROM
      • Physical CD formats
      • Logical data organisation
      • CD-R software
      • CD-R hardware
      • Future developments
    • Summary
    • References
  • Database Management Systems (DBMSs)
    • Data model
      • Hierarchical data model
        • Summary
      • Network data model
        • Summary
      • Relational data model
        • Example
        • Summary
      • Object-oriented data model
        • Summary
      • Deductive data model
        • Summary
    • Safe storage of data
    • Application-independent storage of data
      • Controlled access to data
    • Summary
    • References
  • Speech standards
    • Introduction
    • Signal theory recalls
    • Speech research
    • Computer hardware and software
    • Conclusion
    • Appendix: Useful anonymous ftp sites
  • EUROM-1 database overview
  • Polyphone project overview
    • Introduction
    • Reusable resources
    • The Dutch POLYPHONE corpus
      • Recording workstation
      • Speaker selection
      • The speech material
      • Postprocessing
    • Use of POLYPHONE in application development
      • Train time table information
        • Training of the recogniser
        • Building a phonemic lexicon
        • A model for yes/no expressions
        • Time and date expressions
      • Phone card services
        • Automating card services
      • Speaker verification
    • Requirements for future corpora
  • European speech resources
    • Overview
    • Criteria for assessment of the situation of Spoken Language Resources
      • Types and specificities of corpora
      • Actors in speech resource production
    • Summary of the current situation on a per language basis
      • DANISH (Denmark)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • DUTCH (The Netherlands)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • ENGLISH (United Kingdom)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • FRENCH (France, Belgium, Switzerland)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • GERMAN (Germany)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • GREEK (Greece)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • ITALIAN (Italy)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • NORWEGIAN (Norway)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • PORTUGUESE (Portugal)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • SPANISH (Spain)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
      • SWEDISH (Sweden)
        • Existing databases and their actors
        • Ongoing projects & new initiatives
        • Conclusion
    • General conclusions
    • Production costs
  • Transcription and documentation conventions for Speechdat
    • Introduction
      • Points of departure
    • Markings required for scoring
      • Case
      • Spelling
      • Number sequences
      • Letter sequences
      • Punctuation
      • Mispronunciations
      • Unintelligible words
      • Word fragments
      • Verbal deletions
      • Non-speech acoustic events
      • Prosodic annotation
      • Truncated waveforms
    • Assessment (optional)
    • Procedure
    • Speaker information
    • Some language-specific transcription options
      • French
      • English
      • Italian
  • The Bavarian Archive for Speech Signals
    • Introduction
    • General information
    • Corpora
    • Corpora in preparation
    • Other activities
    • Cooperations
    • Future plans
    • More information
• Glossary
• List of abbreviations
• Alphabetically partitioned index
  • Specials
  • Index A
  • Index B
  • Index C
  • Index D
  • Index E
  • Index F
  • Index G
  • Index H
  • Index I
  • Index J
  • Index K
  • Index L
  • Index M
  • Index N
  • Index O
  • Index P
  • Index Q
  • Index R
  • Index S
  • Index T
  • Index U
  • Index V
  • Index W
  • Index X
  • Index Y
  • Index Z
• Index