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Index S

S0
Telephone interfaces
SAM
EAGLES organisational structure | Spoken Language standards and | Spoken Language standards and | Other EU projects | The EAGLES Spoken | Assessment of Spoken Language | The reference material | Background | The CRIL conventions | Prosodic labelling in the | Spoken language lexical databases | Pronunciation information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | 4. Various diffuse-field headphones | Description of recording conditions | Introduction | Diagnostic methods with a | Technical set-up | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Scoring the results | Basic statisticsANOVA | Why speech output assessment? | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Comparability across languages | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | From human to automated | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | Background | The ESPRIT SAM | The ESPRIT SAM
SAM-A
Reference systems | Reference systems
SAM SCORE
The ESPRIT SAM | Scoring the results | Basic statisticsANOVA
SAM Overall Quality Test
Test procedures | Judgment laboratory tests | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Overall Quality
SAM Prosodic Form Test
Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Form
SAM Prosodic Function Test
Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Function
SAM Standard Segmental Test
Functional laboratory tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Standard Segmental
SAMITPRO
Basic statisticsANOVA
SAMPA
Segmentation and labelling in | Citation-phonemic representation | A simple sign model | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Recommendations on lexical surface | A simple database type:
SAMPAC
Technical set-up
sampling
Sampling | Sampling
sampling frequency
Telephone interfaces | Speech recordingstorage, and | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Recording device | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Example
sampling interval
Sampling
sampling rate
Size differences between NL | Male / female speakers | Laryngography | Electropalatography | Electromagnetic articulography | Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recording device | Recording device | Sampling | Sampling | Recommendations on data collection | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Description of recording conditions | Modification of speech parameters | Modification of speech parameters | Addition of noise
scallability
Connectivity
scenario
Canned speech | System dimension configuration | Equipment | The communication chain | The communication chain | Artificial vs. natural environment | Subject conditioning | Subject conditioning | Role of statistical analysis | Statistical and experimental procedures | Simple hypothesis testing | Field tests | Comparing existing systems | The pre-experimental phase | The pre-experimental phase | Knowledge databases | Task complexity | Task complexity | Result corpus characterisation | Result corpus characterisation | Result corpus characterisation | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success
schwa
Read aloud isolated phonemes | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Pronunciation information | Recommendations on choice of
scoring
Recognition score | Connected or continuous word | Scoring procedures | Recommendations
isolated word
Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring
recognition score
Recognition score | Connected or continuous word
script language
Application generators | Application generators | Application generators
scripted speech
Speaking fluency
SCSA
see Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA) | see Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA)
SCSA Telephony Application Object
Application programming interfaces (APIs)
SDT
see signal detection theory (SDT)
search
Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Factorial experiments and corpus | Lexica for spoken language | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon architecture and the | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Goals of the chapter | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Language models and search | Recommendations: Language models and | Field tests
greedy
Speech corpora with few
single best sentence
Goals of the chapter | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single
word graph
see word graph
search errors
Sources of recognition errors | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single
second language acquisition
Second language acquisition | Second language acquisition
segmental complexity
Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Form
segmental quality
Why speech output assessment? | Segmental reference conditions | Functions of segments | Segmental tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Introduction | From human to automated | From human to automated | Predicting functional behaviour from | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Prosodic quality testing | SAM Prosodic Function
segmental structure
Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | The CRIL conventions | Functional tests of prosody
segmental test
Segmental reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Segmental tests | Recommendations on specific segmental | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing
at the sentence level
Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the
at the word level
Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the
segmentation
Lexicon generation | Training | About this chapter | Cost | Concerning the segmentation and | Segmentation and labelling in | List of recommendations | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Role of statistical analysis | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Assessing recognisers | Baseline performance | Baseline performance | Progress | Progress | Progress | Classification of recognition systems | Training material | Scoring method | Pre-processing | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Functions of prosody | Subject variables
automatic
Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Segmentation
in VERBMOBIL
Segmentation and labelling in
in VERBMOBIL
Segmentation and labelling in
manual
Manual segmentation | Manual segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation
morphological
Morphological decomposition
of word boundaries
Prosodic labelling in the
semi-automatic
Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation
segments, functions of
Functions of segments | Functions of segments
Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)
Subjects | Subjects | Test procedures | Comparability across languages | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Semantically Unpredictable
semi-automatic segmentation
see segmentation, semi-automatic
semi-spontaneous speech
Semi-spontaneous speech | Semi-spontaneous speech | Semi-spontaneous speech | The IPO approach
sensitivity profile
Transformation of speech databases
sentence error rate
Reference methods | see error rate, sentence
sentence model
Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken
sentence syntax
Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information
sex
see speaker, sex of
sex identification
Speaker characteristics verification or | Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products
sheep
Speaker selection | Assessment parameters | Misclassification rates
shimmer
Anatomical (voice) descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors
sibilation
Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)
sign model
A simple sign model | A simple sign model
Signal Computing Bus
Connectivity
Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA)
Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity | Connectivity
signal contamination
Signal contamination | Signal contamination
signal detection theory (SDT)
Progress | Progress | Progress
signal level
Post-production parameters | Addition of noise
signal-to-noise ratio
Spoken Language resources | Microphone interfaces | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Signal-to-noise ratio\indexsignal-to-noise ratio | Signal-to-noise ratio | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Channel conditions | Recording in a studio | Recording on location | Recording on location | Recording on location | Monitoring and validation | Equipment | Microphone | Recording device | Quantisation and coding | Transducer characteristics | Studio | 3. Microphone preamplifier | Feedback compensation | Speech quality and conditions | Reference methods | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Post-production parameters | Post-production parameters | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Recommendations | Listener method | Overall quality reference conditions
simple hypothesis testing
Simple hypothesis testing\indexsimple hypothesis | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing
simple random sample
Sampling | Biases | Estimating sample meansproportions | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material
slips of the tongue
Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research
SLM
see Speech Level Meter
small room acoustics
Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics
smoothing
Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Language model smoothing: modelling | Conclusion | Multilevel smoothing for trigram | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Final note: the mathematics | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of
absolute discounting
see discounting, absolute
linear discounting
see dicounting, linear
linear interpolation
see linear interpolation
SNR
see signal-to-noise ratio
SOAP
see Speech Output Assessment Package (SOAP)
sociolect
Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors
sociolinguistics
Spoken Language corpus design | About this chapter | Sociolinguistic research | Sociolinguistic research | First language acquisition | Second language acquisition | Different types of speech | Spontaneous speech | Stable / transient speaker | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Introduction
sound level meter
Reference signals | Hardware devices
sound pressure level (SPL)
The dB scale | The dB scale | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | 1. Dynamic microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Feedback compensation | Reference signals | Overall quality reference conditions
soundproof booth
2. Soundproof booth | 2. Soundproof booth
SPAR sentences
Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material
SPARCstation
System platform
sparse data
Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Conclusion | Equivalence histories and word
speaker
Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker characteristics\indexspeaker | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Assessment parameters
age of
Spoken Language corpus design | Speaker dependency | Speaker characteristics verification or | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spoken language corpus | Sociolinguistic research | Stable / transient speaker | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Age | Age | Age | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Vocabulary and syntax | Vocabulary and syntax | Weight and height | Introduction | Legal aspects | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Applicationssystems and products | Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests
applicant
Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Misclassification rates | Verification | Verification | Verification | Verification | Verification | False rejection rates | False acceptance rates and | Expected benefit | Open-set identification
cooperative
Text-dependent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations
dependable
Misclassification rates | Comments | False rejection rates
discordant
Definitions
genuine
Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Confidence ranks | Verification | Verification | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Expected benefit | Recommendations
mistaken
Types of error | Definitions | Transformation of speech databases
non-registered
Speaker identification versus speaker
registered
Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Related tasks | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Example | Example | Example | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Closed-set identification | Closed-set identification | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Comments | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Comments | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Examples of speaker verification
resistant
Mistrust rates | Comments | False acceptance rates and | Example
sex of
Spoken Language corpus design | Speaker dependency | Speaker characteristics verification or | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spoken language corpus | Sociolinguistic research | Speech synthesis | Speaker characteristics | Stable / transient speaker | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Vocabulary and syntax | Introduction | Speaker database | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Non-parametric tests | Pre-production parameters | Assessment parameters | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Definitions | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Comments | Comments | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Comments | Comments | Applicationssystems and products | Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests
stable speaker characteristics
Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker
transient speaker characteristics
Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker
uncooperative
Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Forensic applications
unreliable
Misclassification rates | Comments | False rejection rates | Example
violated
Types of error | Definitions | Example
vulnerable
Mistrust rates | Comments | False acceptance rates and | Example
weight/height of
Stable / transient speaker | Weight and height | Weight and height | Speaker database | Functions of voice characteristics
speaker adaptation
Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-adapted systems | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Classification of recognition systems | Wizard variables
speaker alignment
see alignment, speaker
speaker change detection
Related tasks | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Typology of applications
speaker characteristics
Fixed-vocabulary systems
speaker class identification
Speaker classification tasks | General definitions
speaker class verification
Speaker classification tasks | General definitions
speaker classification
Presentation | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Recommendations
speaker cluster selection
Speaker classification tasks | Related tasks
speaker dependency
Speech recognition systems | Speaker dependency | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Lexicon generation | Speaker verification errors | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Speech corpora with more | Lexica in selected spoken | Implications of the perplexity | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of large | Development test | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Example | False acceptance rates and | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Reference systems | Typology of applications | Examples of speaker verification | Specification and design
speaker dependent recognition task
Classification of recognition systems
speaker identification
Spoken Language systems | System design | Introduction | Speaker verification/identification | Adding / Removing speakers | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Audiology | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Recommendations | Comments | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Spectrographic method
closed-set
Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker population size and
open-set
Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Test impostor population | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations
vs. verification
Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker
speaker independent recognition task
Classification of recognition systems
speaker labelling
see labelling, speaker
speaker matching
Related tasks
speaker misclassification
Types of error | Types of error | Definitions | Closed-set identification | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Comments | Comments | Comments | Example | Comments | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations
speaker population
Comments
speaker recognition
Scope | Assessment of speaker verification | Introduction | Speech corpora for technological | Speaker recognition/verification | Psychological and physiological conditions | General remarks | General remarks | General remarks | Voice quality | Assessing speaker verification and | Employing expert judgments to | Presentation | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speech quality | Speech quality | Misclassification rates | Reference systems | Human calibration | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | System and product assessment | System assessment | Recommendations | Forensic applications | Listener method | Listener method | Listener method | Spectrographic method | Spectrographic method | Spectrographic method | Semi-automatic method | Semi-automatic method | Recommendations | Recommendations | Conclusions
speaker recognition system
Speaker recognition/verification | Channel conditions | Psychological and physiological conditions | A taxonomy of speaker | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Definitions | Influencing factors | Influencing factors | Temporal drift | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Reference systems | Human calibration | Transformation of speech databases
a taxonomy of ~ s
A taxonomy of speaker | Unrestricted text-independent systems
common-password
Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Text-dependent systems
event-dependent
Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Speech quantity and variety
fixed-vocabulary
Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems
personal-password
Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Example
text-dependent
Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Recommendations | Example | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Examples of speaker verification | System assessment
text-independent
Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Example | Reference systems | Reference systems | System assessment
text-prompted
Speaker recognition/verification | Definitions | Reference systems | Reference systems | System assessment
unprompted
Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems
unrestricted
Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems
voice-prompted
Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems
speaker recruitment
Management | Speaker recruitment | Recommendations | Cost
speaker scheduling
Professional vs. untrained speakers | Management | Speaker recruitment | Scheduling speakers | Recommendations | Cost
speaker selection
Speaker selection | Speaker selection | Typology of applications
speaker stress
Assessment of recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speaking rate | Visible recordings | Random recordings | Transducer characteristics | Parallel recordings | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Speaker classification tasks | Temporal drift | User characterisation
speaker verification
Spoken Language systems | The EAGLES Spoken | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of speaker verification to Assessment of speaker verification | Introduction | Speaker verification/identification | Adding / Removing speakers | Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora for technological | Speaker recognition/verification | Psychological and physiological conditions | How to read this | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Populationssamples and other | Assessing speaker verification and | Sampling rare events in | Employing expert judgments to | Employing expert judgments to | Assessment of speaker verification | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Threshold setting | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | System assessment | System assessment | Product assessment | Forensic applications | Conclusions
text-dependent
Telecommunication (remote) applications | Examples of speaker verification
vs. identification
Speaker verification versus speaker | Speaker verification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker
speaking mode
Speech recognition systems
speaking rate
Speaking rate\indexspeaking rate | Speaking rate | Description of recording conditions | Modification of speech parameters | Representative databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Pre-production parameters | Typology of applications | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Functions of prosody | ITU-T Overall Quality Test
speaking style
Spoken Language resources | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Size differences between NL | Different types of speech | Different types of speech | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Monitoring and validation | Prosodic labelling in the | The communication chain | Description of recording conditions
spectral analysis
Speaker characteristics | Male / female speakers | Recording on location | Software tools
spectral dynamics
Factorial experiments and corpus
spectral slope
Factorial experiments and corpus | Male / female speakers
spectral structure
Factorial experiments and corpus
speech activity
Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Example
speech impairment
Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters
speech input/output interfaces
Hardware aspects | Speech input/output interfaces | Speech input/output interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles
speech level
Speech quality and conditions | Addition of noise | Conclusion: summary of test
Speech Level Meter
Addition of noise
Speech Output Assessment Package (SOAP)
The ESPRIT SAM | Test procedures | Judgment laboratory tests | Conclusion: summary of test | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Standard Segmental | SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | SAM Semantically Unpredictable | SAM Overall Quality
speech processing board
Hardware aspects | Speech processing boards | Speech processing boards | Speech processing boards | Speech input/output interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles
speech quality
Male / female speakers | Feedback compensation | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Speech quality | Speech quality | Recommendations | Recommendations | Predicting field performance from
speech quantity
Speech quantity and variety | Speech quantity and variety | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations
speech recogniser
see speech recognition system
speech recognition
Spoken Language systems | The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | Introduction | Speech recognition systems | Response time | Error recovery strategy | Connectivity | Real-time aspects | Multi-lingual aspects | System dimension configuration | Audiology | Speech corpora for technological | Speech corpora for technological | Speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Spoken language systems | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Voice quality | Prosodic labelling in the | Types of application for | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology | Recommendations on grammatical information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Types of knowledge source | Corpora | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | System architecture for speech | Why does the trigram | Implications of the perplexity | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Finding the single | Recommendations: Language models and | The communication chain | Software tools | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Experimental selection of material | Progress | Experimental design | Interactive dialogue systems | Presentation | Interaction mode with the | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Product assessment | From human to automated | Scope | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Wizard variables | Correction rate
large vocabulary
Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Experimental design of large
small vocabulary
Search: Finding the single
speech recognition system
The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Spoken Language system design | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of recognition systems to Assessment of recognition systems | Introduction | Introduction | Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Branching factor (perplexity | Application vocabulary and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Speech recognition and application | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Time out | Response time | Routing to an operator | Connectivity | Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Spoken language systems | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | General remarks | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Pathological speech | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Recording on location | Monitoring and validation | Monitoring and validation | A caveat | Use of segmented speech | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Orthographic transcription | Orthographic transcription of read | Physical transcription | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken to The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Statistical language models | Statistical language models | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Advice to the reader | Advice to the reader | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Formal definition | Formal definition | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | 2. Precision of articulation | 1. Laboratory room | Reproducibility assurance procedures | Signal contamination | How to read this | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Sampling | Biases | Experimental procedures | Experimental procedures | Experimental procedures | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Assessing recognisers | Functional adequacy and user | Experimental design | Assessing speaker verification and | Assessment of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Representative databases | Reference methods | Reference methods | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Training | Training | Training | Training | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Scoring the results | Lexicon | Scoring method | Speaker classification tasks | Human calibration | Typology of applications | Examples of speaker verification | Comparing existing systems | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Subject variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Recommendations on prompt design | Background | Knowledge databases | Environment characterisation | Overall system characterisation | Glass box assessment
classification of ~ s
Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems
connected words
see connected words/speech
continuous speech
see continuous speech
isolated words
see isolated words
large vocabulary
Other EU projects | Assessment of recognition systems | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Speech corpora with about | List of recommendations | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Kinds of lexical unit | Bayes decision rule | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of large | Experimental design of large | Training material | Acoustic training | Language model | Development test | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection
medium vocabulary
Types of application for
small vocabulary
Classification of recognition systems | Scoring the results | Test material selection
speaker-dependent
Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Threshold setting
speaker-independent
Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Speech corpora with more | Lexica in selected spoken | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of large | Development test | Example | Threshold setting | Typology of applications
text-dependent
Text dependent approach | Text dependent approach
text-independent
Text independent approach | Text independent approach | Text independent approach
speech synthesis
Spoken Language systems | The ESPRIT SAM | The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of synthesis systems to Assessment of synthesis systems | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Speech synthesis | Multi-linguality | System dimension configuration | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora for technological | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Spoken language systems | Spoken language systems | Different types of speech | Read aloud isolated words | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speaker characteristics | Use of segmented speech | Physical transcription | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Types of application for | Types of application for | Types of application for | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on grammatical information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Quantisation and coding | Software tools | How to read this | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental design | Interactive dialogue systems | Interactive dialogue systems | Subject variables | Artificial test signals | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Typology of applications | Introduction | ITU-T Overall Quality Test | Scope | Comparing existing systems | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Subject variables | Subject variables | Wizard variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Overall system characterisation | Glass box assessment | Glass box assessment
speech variety
Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations
SPEECHDAT
Orthographic transcription | Orthographic transcription as the | Other EU projects | Non-linguistic and other phenomena
SPL
see sound pressure level
spoken language corpus
Standards and resources for | The EAGLES Spoken | The EAGLES Spoken | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus design | Spoken Language corpus representation | Language models | Physical characterisation and description | Assessment of recognition systems | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | About this chapter | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Applications of spoken language | Psychological and physiological conditions | Corpus size in terms | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language and written | A simple sign model | Pragmatic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Design by observation
spoken language data
Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus design | Spoken Language corpus representation
vs. written language data
Eight main differences between | The different nature of
spoken language dialogue
Assessment of interactive systems | Acquisition tools | Scope | Definitions | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by observation | Design by simulation
spoken language identification
Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Definitions
spoken language system
Spoken Language systems | Standards and resources for | The EAGLES Spoken | Scope | Spoken Language system design | Spoken Language system design | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Language models | Assessment methodologies and experimental | Acknowledgements | Introduction | Introduction | Speech corpora for technological | Spoken language systems | Spoken language systems | The Wizard of Oz | Wizard of Oz | Lexica for spoken language | Lexica for spoken language | Lexical information as properties | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken to Lexica in selected spoken | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | The lexicon in spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Sentence syntax information | Lexical semantic information | Lexical semantic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Lexicon architecture and the | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Types of knowledge source | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook | Purpose | Design by intuition | The Wizard of Oz
small vocabulary
Lexica in selected spoken
spoken language verification
Speaker classification tasks | General definitions
spontaneous speech
Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus representation | Speaking fluency | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Correcting errors in the | Correcting errors in the | The different legal status | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | First language acquisition | Second language acquisition | General linguistic research | Spoken language systems | Different types of speech | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech\indexspontaneous speech | Spontaneous speech | Speech corpora with more | Male / female speakers | Final comments | Visible recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Interview recordings | Interview recordings | Read speech recordings | Speaker prompting | Legal aspects | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues | Levels and types of | Orthographic transcription | Reduced word forms | Orthographic transcription of read | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | Basic features of a | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Design by observation | Design by observation | Knowledge databases
transcription of
The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues
Sqale
Other EU projects | Experimental design of large | Dry run | Test material selection
stability
Signals and systems
standard communication protocols
Host-computer interfaces
standard deviation
Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Simple hypothesis testing
standard error
Estimating means | Estimating means
standard switching compliance
Telephone interfaces
stem
Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology
stem spotting
Applications of morphology
stochastic grammar
see grammar, stochastic
stochastic knowledge sources
Bayes decision rule
stochastic systems
vs. knowledge-based systems
Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems
stop
Factorial experiments and corpus | Narrow phonetic transcription | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | 2. Precision of articulation
stress
Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Stable / transient speaker | Segmentation and labelling in | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Prosodic transcription | The MARSEC labelling | Lexica in selected spoken | Spoken language and written | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Idiomatic information | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | 2. Precision of articulation | Glass box vs. black | Global vs. analytic assessment | Recommendations on choice of | Comparability across languages | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Word stress | Word stress | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Syntactic parsing | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Segmental tests at the | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | SAM Prosodic Form
on speaker
see speaker stress
structuralism
Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition
studio
Spoken Language corpus collection | Telephone interfaces | Data collection dimensions | Data collection dimensions | Data collection dimensions | Visible recordings | Visible recordings | Recording in a studio | Recording in a studio | Recommendations | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Recommendations | Monitoring and validation | Scheduling speakers | Recommendations | Recommendations | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | 1. Dynamic microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | 3. Recording studio | 3. Recording studio | 4. Anechoic chamber | Studio | 4. Wiring and transmission | On-site | Data collection | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Artificial vs. natural environment | Auditory environment | Speech quality | Speech quality | Recommendations
stuttering
see pathological speech, stuttering
subject
age of
General (demographic) descriptors | User characterisation
sex of
General (demographic) descriptors | User characterisation
weight/height of
2. Miscellaneous descriptors
subject variables
see variables, subject
sublanguage
Lexica in selected spoken
substitution
Error measure presentation | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Canned speech | Pathological speech | Segmentation and labelling in | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | The performance measure as | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Correction rate
subword unit
Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Isolated word scoring
suffix
The IPO approach | Kinds of lexical unit | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology
suprasegmental features
Read aloud isolated sentences | Types of approach to | Examples of the two
SUS
see Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)
sustention
Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)
Switchboard corpus
General remarks | Random recordings | Introduction | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues | Prosodic transcription | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations
syllable
Spoken Language resources | Different production times for | Size differences between NL | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with few | Reduced word forms | Reduced word forms | Orthographic transcription of read | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | List of recommendations | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Kinds of lexical unit | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Bayes decision rule | 2. Precision of articulation | Description of recording conditions | Word stress | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing
orthographic
Applications of morphology
stressed
The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Word stress | Word stress | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing
unstressed
Speech corpora with few | 2. Precision of articulation | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Segmental tests at the | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing
syllable boundary
Speech corpora with few | Applications of morphology
syllable duration
see duration, syllable
syllable monitoring
see monitoring, syllable
syllable structure
Lexica in selected spoken | Spoken language and written | Applications of morphology | Comparability across languages | Word stress | Segmental tests at the | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | SAM Prosodic Form
synonymy
Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical
syntagmatic distribution
Sentence syntax information
syntagmatic relation
Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information
syntax
Speech recognition systems | Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech modelling and syntactic | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Vocabulary and syntax\indexsyntax\indexvocabulary | Vocabulary and syntax | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Visibility: open vs. secret | Recording on location | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Orthographic transcription of read | Morphologicalsyntactic\indexsyntax, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Types of approach to | Types of approach to | A simple sign model | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Bayes decision rule | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Improving existing systems | Wizard variables
dialogue
Sentence syntax information
finite state
Language modelling
phrasal
Sentence syntax information
sentence
Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information
word
Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information
system capacity
System dimension configuration
system expertise
Subject variables
system lexicon
Lexical information as properties | Recommendations on resources | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction
system model
Knowledge databases
system simulation
System design | Assessment of interactive systems | System simulation and prototyping | Recommendation: Requirement profiles
system-in-the-loop
The Wizard of Oz | Design by observation | Design by observation



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