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- labelling
- Spoken Language corpus representation | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speech training material | Speech data collection | Speech data collection | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Field speech data | Speech recognition and application | Training | Phonetic part | Phonetic part | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | Introduction | Cost | Introduction | Introduction | Concerning the segmentation and | Segmentation and labelling in | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Citation-phonemic representation | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Narrow phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Physical transcription | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | The notion of ``lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Corpora | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Modification of speech parameters | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Classification | Progress | Experimental design | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Pre-processing | Word stress | Background
- in VERBMOBIL
- Segmentation and labelling in
- in VERBMOBIL
- Segmentation and labelling in
- in MARSEC
- The MARSEC labelling
- in MARSEC
- The MARSEC labelling
- in ToBI
- The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system
- prosodic
- Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Provisional recommendations for prosodic
- in VERBMOBIL
- Prosodic labelling in the
- in VERBMOBIL
- Prosodic labelling in the
- speaker
- Related tasks | Typology of applications
- laboratory
- Spoken Language systems | Spoken language corpus | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with more | Introduction | Microphone | Recording device | Microphones | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Laboratory room | Recommendations | Recommendations | Design by observation
- laboratory prototype
- see prototype
- laboratory speech
- Correcting errors in the
- laboratory testing
- Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of synthesis systems | Application vocabulary and
confusion | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Specifications for speech corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Speaker purpose and other | Laboratory testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | Preliminary remarks | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Relationships among tests | Introduction | Introduction | Predicting field performance from | Predicting field performance from | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | The environment in which | The environment in which
- vs. field testing
- Laboratory vs. field | Recommendations on choice of
- lamb
- Mistrust rates
- Language Engineering Standards (LES)
- Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis
- language identification
- Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products
- language model
- Speech recognition systems | Language modelling | Language modelling | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Basic features of a | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Applications of morphology | Language models | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Classification of recognition systems | Training material | Language model | Language model | Language model | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Recommendations on design methodology | Knowledge databases | Overall system characterisation
- m-gram
- see m-gram model
- bigram
- see bigram
- finite state
- Types of language models | Grammar based language models
- grammar based
- Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models
- probabilistic
- Classification of recognition systems | Language model
- statistical
- Statistical language models | Acquisition tools
- stochastic
- Lexical information as properties | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Formal definition | Conclusion
- trigram
- see trigram
- types of
- Types of language models | Types of language models
- unigram
- see unigram
- language model constraints
- see constraints, language model
- language model robustness
- Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models
- laryngograph
- 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Electrical PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings
- laryngograph recording
- Multi-channel recording | Laryngography | Laryngography
- laryngograph signal
- Spoken language corpus | Introduction | Multi-channel recording | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs)
- laryngography
- Spoken Language corpus collection
- lattice of lexicon entries
- Speech recognition and application
- leaving-one-out
- Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Conclusion | The full trigram model | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off
- lemma
- A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Stem and morph lexica | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information
- lemmatisation
- Spoken language lexical databases
- LES
- see Language Engineering Standards (LES)
- lexical access
- Lexical information as properties
- lexical database
- Revision and completion of | Lexical information as properties | Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | The notion of ``lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | More complex lexical databases | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Word stress | Morphological decomposition
- lexical information model
- Lexicon models and lexical
- lexical noise
- Lexical databases and system
- lexical unit
- Orthographic identity and phonetic | Lexical units | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical semantic information
- lexicalised grammar
- see grammar, lexicalised
- lexicon
- BRULEX psycholinguistic
- Spoken language lexical databases
- bilingual
- Second language acquisition
- declarative
- The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical knowledge acquisition for
- EVAR
- Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken
- exceptions
- Pre-processing
- fully inflected form
- Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica
- hierarchical
- A simple sign model
- in SL recognition systems
- The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken
- mental
- Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research
- morph
- Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica
- morpheme
- Morphological decomposition
- procedural
- The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical
- pronunciation
- Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single
- prosodic
- Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information
- spoken language
- Spoken language lexica | Lexical information as properties | What is a spoken | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | A simple sign model | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information | Lexicon structure | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | A simple database type: | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Acquisition tools | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook
- spoken language vs. written language
- Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written
- stem
- Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica
- lexicon architecture
- Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon structure | Lexicon architecture and lexical
- lexicon construction
- About this chapter | Acquisition tools | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction
- lexicon model
- Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction
- lexicon size
- Lexicon size | Lexicon size | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Fully inflected form lexica | Pronunciation information
- lexicon structure
- Lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon structure
- lexicon theory
- Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical
- lexicon-entry identifier
- Speech recognition and application
- liaison
- Canned speech | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | A simple database type: | A simple database type:
- Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) systems
- Signals and systems | Signals and systems | Signals and systems
- linear distortion
- see distortion, linear
- linear interpolation
- Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Cache | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation
- linguistic interface
- What are speech output | Linguistic aspects | Pre-processing | Sentence accent | Introduction | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test
- vs. acoustic interface
- Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic vs. acoustic
- linguistic module
- Speech recognition and application | Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic aspects | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test
- lingware
- Lexicon architecture and lexical | Recommendations on lexicon construction
- link grammar
- see grammar, link
- listener descriptors
- Listener descriptors | 2. Speech audiometry
- listening effort
- Quality measures | Overall quality
reference conditions | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | ITU-T Overall Quality Test
- Lombard effect
- Orthographic identity and phonetic | Channel conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Pre-production parameters | Transformation of speech databases
- LPC data
- Spoken language corpus | Speech synthesis | Introduction | Physical transcription | Segmental reference conditions
- LTI system
- see Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) system
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