Full index

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Specials

-law

Recording on location | Quantisation and coding | Speech recordingstorage, and

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

A

A-law

Speech recordingstorage, and | Recording on location | Recommendations | Quantisation and coding | Telephone recordings | Data collection

accelerations and movements

Microphone interfaces

accent

Phonetic part | Phonetic part | The MARSEC labelling | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Lexical databases and system | Kinds of lexical unit | Pragmatic information | Idiomatic information | What are speech output | What are speech output | Global vs. analytic assessment | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Syntactic parsing | Segmental tests at the | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Prosodic quality testing | Prosodic quality testing

foreign

Presentation | Typology of applications

in MARSEC

The MARSEC labelling

lexical

Linguistic part

phrase

The ToBI labelling system | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the

pitch

The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Spoken language and written | Prosodic information

regional

Speaker dependency | Speaker dependency | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Orthographic transcription as the | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | Speaker classification tasks | Typology of applications | Subject variables

sentence

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud text fragments | Glass box vs. black | Sentence accent | Sentence accent

syntactic

Linguistic part

tonal

Pronunciation information | Prosodic information

accent identification

Speaker classification tasks

acceptable shortfalls

System capability profile versus

acceptance

Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Example | Expected benefit | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | Open-set identification | Reference systems | Examples of speaker verification

acceptance threshold

Recogniser specific parameters

accuracy

Introduction | Lexica in selected spoken | Populationssamples and other | Segmentation | The performance measure as | Connected or continuous word | Reference methods | Assessment parameters | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Example | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | System and product assessment | Segmental tests | Glass box assessment

of classification

Progress

of pitch determination

Male / female speakers

of pronunciation

Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Judgment laboratory tests

of segmentation

Manual segmentation | Manual segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | List of recommendations | Role of statistical analysis | Segmentation

of the MORPA module

Morphological decomposition

acoustic environment

see environment, acoustic

acoustic interface

Acoustic aspects | Relationships among tests

vs. linguistic interface

Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic vs. acoustic

acoustic module

Text-to-speech synthesis | Acoustic module\indexacoustic module | Acoustic module | Acoustic module | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Linguistic testing: Creating test

acoustic testing

Acoustic testing: Developments for | Overall quality testing

acronym

Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Eight main differences between | Kinds of lexical unit | Pre-processing | Pre-processing

action

Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Glass box assessment

Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM)

Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and

adverse conditions

see environment, adverse

affix

Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Morphological decomposition | The Bellcore Test | The Bellcore Test

affricate

Pronunciation information | Progress

AGC

see automatic gain control

age

see speaker, age of

age identification

Speaker characteristics verification or | Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products

age verification

Speaker classification tasks | Definitions

agent

Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared

agglutinative language

Fully inflected form lexica | Applications of morphology

air-flow measurement

Air-flow measurements | Air-flow measurements

alignment

Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method

DTW

Segmentation | Segmentation

forced

The lexicon in spoken

label

Corpora

phoneme

Recognition score

phonetic

Scoring method

segmental

Recommendations on choice of | Prosodic quality testing

speaker

Related tasks

time

Levels and types of | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs

word

Recognition score

allophone

Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Speech corpora with few | Narrow phonetic transcription | Lexica in selected spoken | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Subjects | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | From human to automated

allophone synthesis

Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | From human to automated

alternation

morphographemic

Stem and morph lexica

morphophonological

Stem and morph lexica | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

orthographic

Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

amplitude distortion

see distortion, amplitude

amplitude-frequency curve

Amplitude distortions

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Ratio of sample variances | Analysis of Variance\indexAnalysis of | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Segmentation | Employing expert judgments to | Analysis of Variance design | Analysis of Variance design | Specific calibrated databases | Basic statisticsANOVA

analytic approach

Lexicon generation | Subjects | Subjects | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Judgment laboratory tests | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Predicting global from analytic | Predicting global from analytic

vs. global approach

Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment

anaphora

Sentence syntax information | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Spoken language dialogue systems | Glass box assessment

anechoic chamber

Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | Studio | 2. Microphone | Recommendations on the recording | Auditory environment | Open vs. closed headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | Modelling of the auditory | Subject conditioning | Recommendations on the auditory | Recommendations on the visual | Description of recording conditions | Reference channels | Speech quality | Environment characterisation

ANN

see Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

annotation

Spoken Language systems | The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus representation | Extension of language base | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | The different nature of | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Orthographic transcription of read | Orthographic transcription of read | Physical transcription | Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexicon architecture and the | Lexicon architecture and the | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

levels of

Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Recording script | Orthographic transcription as the

of dysfluencies

Orthographic transcription of read

prosodic

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Examples of the two | The MARSEC labelling | The MARSEC labelling

segmental

Types of approach to | Types of approach to

types of

Levels and types of

ANOVA

see Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

antonymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

aperiodic motion

Pathological speech | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion

aphasia

see pathological speech, aphasia

API

see application programming interfaces (APIs)

applicant speaker

see speaker, applicant

application generator

Menu-driven systems | Application generators\indexapplication generator | Application generators | System simulation and prototyping | Statistical tools | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

application programming interfaces (APIs)

Application programming interfaces (APIs) | Application programming interfaces (APIs) | Application generators | Connectivity | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration | Statistical tools | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

application requirements

System design | Introduction | Introduction | System capability profile versus | System capability profile versus | System capability profile versus | System capability profile versus | System capability profile versus | Speaker characteristics verification or

archiphoneme

Pronunciation information | A simple database type:

Army Brat

Geographical and sociolinguistic factors

ARPA

The Linguistic Data Consortium | Assessment of Spoken Language | Lexica in selected spoken | Experimental design of large | Experimental design of large | Experimental design of large | Training material | Language model | Language model | Dry run | Test material selection | Test material selection | Scoring method

Articulation Index

Human vs. automated

articulatory parameter

Multi-channel recording

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

Speech recognition systems | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Sampling | Biases | Estimating proportions | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Classification | Baseline performance

artificial test signals

Assessment of recognition systems | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Artificial test signals

aspiration

Segmentation and labelling in | Narrow phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information

assimilation

Canned speech | Read aloud isolated words | A caveat | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Pronunciation information | Idiomatic information | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Syntactic parsing | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

ATIS corpus

Corpora for speech recognition | Spoken language systems | Spontaneous speech about a | Random recordings | Introduction | Prosodic transcription | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena

audio port

Connectivity

audiology

Audiology | Audiology

audiometry

Read aloud isolated sentences | Audiometric descriptors to Audiometric descriptors | Audiometric descriptors | 2. Speech audiometry

auditory environment

see environment, auditory

automated testing/assessment

Towards a taxonomy of | Introduction | From human to automated | From human to automated | From human to automated | From human to automated | From human to automated

vs. human subjects

Human vs. automated | Human vs. automated

automatic gain control

Telephone interfaces | Automatic gain control | Automatic gain control

automatic segmentation

see segmentation, automatic

average noise consumption

2. Hearing relevant habits

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B

backing-off

Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Problem formulation | The full trigram model | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language model

badger

False acceptance rates and

band limiting

Speech quality and conditions

bandwidth

Speech recognition systems | Microphone interfaces | Microphone interfaces | Speech quantity and quality | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recording on location | Recording on location | Equipment | Microphone | Quantisation and coding | Recommendations on the recording | Amplitude distortions | Description of recording conditions | Reference signals | Modification of speech parameters | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters | Post-production parameters | Speech quality | Recommendations | Example | On-site (local) applications | Listener method | Field tests

Bayes decision rule

Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Formal definition | Search: Finding the single

beam search

Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs

Bellcore Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | The Bellcore Test

benchmark

Standards and resources for | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of synthesis systems | How to read this | Recognition score | Reference methods | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Training | Experimental design of large | Experimental design of large | Language model | Language model | Language model | Test material selection | Test material selection | Evaluation protocol | Methodology | Benchmarks | Benchmarks | Reference conditions | Pre-processing | Segmental tests at the

benchmark test

Recommendation: Requirement profiles | How to read this | Experimental design of large | Spectrographic method | Why speech output assessment? | Benchmarks | Benchmarks | Benchmarks | Benchmarks | Benchmarks

between groups variance

Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance

bias

Speaker recruitment | Biases\indexbias | Biases | Biases | Biases | Biases | Experimental procedures | Segmentation | Functional adequacy and user | Example | False acceptance rates and

bidirectional microphone

see microphone, bidirectional

bigram

Language modelling | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | The lexicon in spoken | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Implications of the perplexity | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | The full trigram model | The full trigram model | The full trigram model | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Cache | Cache | Cache | Cache | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Assessment parameters | Language model

phone

Stochastic language modelling

binaural processing

Binaural processing | Binaural processing | Simulation of environmental factors

bit-errors

Post-production parameters

black box

Assessment of synthesis systems | Task/Application adaptation | Training | Adding / Removing speakers | Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Platforms | Recording chain characteristics | Reference systems | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Test procedures | Reference conditions | Black box approach | Field tests | Acoustic aspects | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Comparing existing systems | How much is being | Black box assessment | Qualitative measures | A core set of | Recommendations on evaluation methodology | Recommendations on evaluation methodology

vs. glass box

Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of

blockage level

System dimension configuration

BNC

see British National Corpus (BNC)

Bode diagram

Amplitude distortions

bracketing paradoxes

Lexical properties and lexical

branching factor

Branching factor\indexbranching factor (perplexity | Branching factor (perplexity | Branching factor (perplexity | Classification of recognition systems

breathy voice

Male / female speakers | Pathological speech | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 4. Photoelectric PDIs

British National Corpus (BNC)

Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Random recordings

bus

expansion

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces

Multi-Vendor Integration Protocol (MVIP)

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity | Connectivity

PC

Platforms

Pulse coded modulation Expansion Bus (PEB)

Connectivity

Signal Computing Bus

Connectivity

Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA)

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity | Connectivity

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C

cache model

Cache | Cache

calibration

Recording in a studio | Microphone | Recording procedure | Recommendations on the recording | Reference channels | Recommendations on reproducibility | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Reference methods | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Addition of noise | Reference systems | Reference systems | Human calibration | Human calibration | Recommendations

call tracking

Statistical tools

call volume

System dimension configuration

candid microphone speech

Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings

canned speech/text

Speech synthesis | Canned speech\indexcanned speech/text | Canned speech | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Idiomatic information | What are speech output | Segmental tests | Definitions | Subject variables | Recommendations on prompt design

canonical form

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic transcription as the | List of recommendations | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Stem and morph lexica | Background | Background | Background

canonical inflected form

Kinds of lexical unit | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | The notion of ``lexical | Recommendations on types of

canonical phonemic representation

Introduction | Recommendations on types of

canonical pronunciation

Spoken language and written | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information

capability profile

Introduction | System capability profile\indexcapability profile | System capability profile versus | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Experimental design of small

carrier phrase/sentence

Canned speech | Canned speech | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Recording in a studio | Description of recording conditions | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | What are speech output | SAM Prosodic Form

CART (Classification And Regression Trees)

Factorial experiments and corpus | Types of language models | Equivalence histories and word

categorical estimation method

Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | SAM Overall Quality | SAM Overall Quality | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

CCITT

Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Specification and design

cell

Analysis of Variance design | Specific calibrated databases

CFA

see Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

channel

Spoken Language corpus collection | Physical characterisation and description | Speaker dependency | Speech training material | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Task/Application adaptation | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Signal-to-noise ratio | Response time | Response time | Speech processing boards | Connectivity | Real-time aspects | Real-time aspects | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker recognition/verification | Channel conditions | Channel conditions | Read aloud isolated sentences | Data collection dimensions | Recording on location | Read speech recordings | Monitoring and validation | Multi-channel recording | Ultrasound imaging | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Microphone | Microphone | Recording device | The communication chain | The communication chain | The communication chain | Recording chain characteristics | Reproducibility assurance procedures | References and standards | Reference channels | Reference channels | Recommendations on reproducibility | Recommendations on reproducibility | Modification of speech parameters | Signal contamination | Psycholinguistic metrics | Acoustic-based measures | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speech quality | Recommendations | Transformation of speech databases | Typology of applications | Alternative techniques | Recommendations | What are speech output | Human vs. automated | Predicting field performance from | Variables in spoken WOZ | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | WOZ conclusions

cineradiography

Cineradiography | Cineradiography

circuit-switching

Connectivity | Connectivity

citation form

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Monitoring and validation | The CRIL conventions | Orthographic transcription as the | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | List of recommendations | Spoken language and written | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Grapheme-phoneme conversion

Classification And Regression Trees

see CART

CLID

see CLuster IDentification (CLID) Test

clipping

Non-linear distortions | Recommendations on recording chain | Post-production parameters

clitics

The ToBI labelling system | Spoken language and written | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information

closed response identification

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT) | Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

closed-set identification

Closed-set identification | False rejection rates | Example | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations

CLuster IDentification (CLID) Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | Conclusion: summary of test | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)

cluttering

see pathological speech, cluttering

co-hyponymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

coarticulation

Canned speech | Phonetic research | Speech synthesis | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated sentences | Why does the trigram | Why does the trigram | 2. Precision of articulation | 2. Precision of articulation | Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of

cognitive activity

Visible recordings

cohort

Speaker population size and

command system

vs. interactive dialogue system

Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared

command-and-control

Assessment parameters

common-password speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, common-password

communication chain

Introduction | Introduction | The communication chain | The communication chain

communication channel variables

see variables, communication channel

communication line

Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up

communication means

Overall system characterisation

communication modalities

Overall system characterisation

compactness

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

comparative testing

Why speech output assessment? | Glass box vs. black

competence (vs. performance)

General linguistic research | General linguistic research | Design by intuition | Design by intuition

compound

Read aloud isolated words | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Lexical databases and system | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | A simple database type: | Word stress | Word stress | Word stress | Word stress | Morphological decomposition

compression technique

Lexicon architecture and lexical

computer telephony integration

Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

concept-to-speech (CTS)

Text-to-speech synthesis | What are speech output | What are speech output

condenser microphone

see microphone, condenser

confidence area

Speaker verification errors

confidence ranks

Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Example

Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

Functional adequacy and user

confusion matrix

Application vocabulary\indexvocabulary!application and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Speaker selection | Speaker identification error | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Confusions | Confusions | Diagnostic methods with a | Confusion matrices | Confusion matrices | Mistrust rates | Comments | Comments | Segmental tests at the | SAM Standard Segmental | SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | Knowledge databases

confusions

Branching factor (perplexity | Application vocabulary and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Speaker identification error | Confusions | Confusions | Diagnostic methods with a | Segmental tests at the

cross-sex

Speaker population size and

same-sex

Speaker population size and

connected words/speech

Speaking mode | Speech modelling and syntactic | Response time | Menu-driven systems | Orthographic identity and phonetic | General linguistic research | Audiology | Speaker recognition/verification | Read aloud isolated phonemes | Read aloud isolated words | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Addition of noise

consonant cluster

Speech corpora with few | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)

constraints

language model

Stochastic language modelling | Extensions of the perplexity | Search: Finding the single

phonotactic

Extensions of the perplexity | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)

pragmatic

Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling

semantic

Stochastic language modelling

syntactic

Stochastic language modelling

contemporaneous speech

Temporal drift | Temporal drift

context free

see grammar, context free

contextual appropriateness

A core set of | Contextual appropriateness | Contextual appropriateness | Transaction success

continuous speech

Assessment of recognition systems | Speaking mode | Speech recognition and application | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Corpora for speech recognition | Types of application for | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Basic features of a | Bayes decision rule | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of large | Training material | Scoring method | Scoring method | Functional laboratory tests | Specification and design | Knowledge databases | Overall system characterisation

vs. isolated words

Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous

controlled experiment

Second language acquisition | Factorial experiments and corpus | Non-parametric tests

cooperative speaker

see speaker, cooperative

cooperativeness

Recommendation: Requirement profiles

copyright

The different legal status | Language model

corpus perplexity

Goals of the chapter | Formal definition | Formal definition | Formal definition | Formal definition | Recommendations | Experimental results

correction rate

Assessment of interactive systems | A core set of | Correction rate | Correction rate

coverage

Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Linear discounting and backing-off | Experimental results

bigram/trigram

Implications of the perplexity

vocabulary

Implications of the perplexity | Linear discounting and backing-off

CRIL (Computer Representation of Individual Languages)

Background | The CRIL conventions | The CRIL conventions | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic

creaky voice

1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors

cross-language comparability

Methodology | Comparability across languages | Comparability across languages | Comparability across languages

cross-validation

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Experimental results | Experimental results

crosstalk

Speech quality and conditions

CTS

see concept-to-speech (CTS)

cut-through facility

Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) to Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | System dimension configuration

CVC-words

Speech quality and conditions | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

D

damping distortion

see distortion, damping

DARPA

Standards and resources for | Spoken Language standards and | Lexica in selected spoken | Experimental design of large | Background | Background

data model

Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical

database management

About this chapter | Scope

database management system (DBMS)

Speaker database | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Scoring the results | Basic statisticsANOVA

DATR

Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | A simple sign model | Prosodic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Spoken language lexicon formalisms

decibel scale

The dB scale | The dB scale | The dB scale

declarative knowledge base

Basic features of a

default inheritance hierarchy

Lexicon models and lexical

deletion

Sociolinguistic research | Pathological speech | Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Orthographic transcription of read | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Pronunciation information | Idiomatic information | A simple database type: | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Confusions | Scoring method | Scoring method | Word stress | Segmental tests at the

demisyllable

Applications of morphology | Bayes decision rule | Experimental selection of material | Recommendations on choice of

dependable speaker

see speaker, dependable

dependent variable

see variable, dependent

derivation

Kinds of lexical unit | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

derivational affixation

Applications of morphology

design

by intuition

Design by intuition | Design by intuition

by observation

Design by observation | Design by observation

by simulation

Design by simulation | WOZ conclusions

development test

Training | Training | Training | Experimental design of large | Development test | Development test | Dry run | Dry run

devoicing

Narrow phonetic transcription | Pronunciation information

diagnostic approach

Spoken Language resources | Assessment of recognition systems | Speech quality and conditions | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Recognition score | Specific calibrated databases | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection | Speech quantity and variety | Scoring procedures | False acceptance rates and | Threshold setting | Why speech output assessment? | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Reference conditions | Acoustic aspects | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Judgment tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | From human to automated | Predicting functional behaviour from | Segmental quality testing | Voice characteristics testing | SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | The Bellcore Test | Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT) | Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Function

diagnostic corpora

Spoken Language resources | Manipulatedartificial and diagnostic | Manipulatedartificial and diagnostic

Diagnostic Pairs Sentence Intelligibility Evaluation Test (DPSIE)

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

Diagnostic methods with a | Human calibration | Test procedures | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental quality testing | Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

dialect

Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Recording on location | Dialect forms | Dialect forms | List of recommendations | Prosodic information | Pragmatic information | Representative databases | Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters | Assessment parameters | Recommendations | Recommendations on choice of | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Subject variables | Subject variables

dialectology

Sociolinguistic research | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Introduction

dialogue

menu-driven

Branching factor (perplexity | Menu-driven systems | Menu dialogue systems | Menu dialogue systems

transcription of

Transcription of dialogues | Transcription of dialogues | List of recommendations

dialogue duration

A core set of | Dialogue duration | Dialogue duration | Transaction success | Transaction success

dialogue grammar

Specification and design | Evaluation | Knowledge databases

dialogue history

Interactive complexity of dialogue | Spoken language dialogue systems

dialogue manager

Branching factor (perplexity | Sophisticated dialogue manager | Sophisticated dialogue manager | Error recovery strategy | Routing to an operator | Definitions | Definitions | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Specification and design | Design by observation | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Glass box assessment

dialogue model variables

see variables, dialogue model

dialogue strategies

Designing new systems | Subject variables | Dialogue strategies | Dialogue strategies

adaptive

Dialogue strategies

constitutive

Dialogue strategies

cooperative

Dialogue strategies

deterministic

Dialogue strategies

dialogue system

Introduction | Text-to-speech synthesis | Orthographic transcription of read | Lexica in selected spoken | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: Language models and | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | What are speech output | What are speech output | Assessment of interactive systems | Readings in interactive dialogue

automatic

Goals of the chapter

interactive

Scope | Scope | Assessment of interactive systems to Assessment of interactive systems | Types of application for | Interactive dialogue systems | Acoustic-based measures | Purpose | Scope | Scope | Different needs addressed | Section summary | Section summary | Section summary | Section summary | Section summary | Interactive dialogue systems | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Specification and design | Specification and design | Design by observation | Evaluation | Evaluation | User characterisation | Glass box assessment | Black box assessment | Black box assessment | Recommendations on evaluation methodology | Recommendations on evaluation methodology | Readings in interactive dialogue

vs. command system

Interactive dialogue systems compared | Interactive dialogue systems compared

menu

Branching factor (perplexity | Menu dialogue systems | Menu dialogue systems | Design by intuition | Design by simulation

multimodal

Multimodal dialogue systems including | Multimodal dialogue systems including

spoken language

Spoken Language systems | Scope | Interaction with an information | Spoken language and written | Pragmatic information | Spoken language dialogue systems | Spoken language dialogue systems | Specification and design | Design by intuition | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | WOZ conclusions | Iterative design methodology for | Additional recommendations | Readings in interactive dialogue | Evaluation | Contextual appropriateness | Readings in interactive dialogue

dictation

Standards and resources for | Coordination with other bodies | Speaking fluency | Visible recordings | Read speech recordings | Types of application for | Spoken language and written | Lexical semantic information | Goals of the chapter | Implications of the perplexity | Recommendations | Cache | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters | Language model

dictionary

Spoken Language lexica | Lexicon size | Field speech data | Training | Adding / Removing speakers | Linguistic part | Reduced word forms | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Statistical language models | Extensions of the perplexity | Training material | Lexicon | Lexicon | Scoring method | Scoring method | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Morphological decomposition

Duden

Reduced word forms | Dialect forms | Spoken language lexical databases | Lexica in selected spoken

exceptions

Word stress | Morphological decomposition

of phonetic elements

Read aloud isolated words | Speech corpora with few

on-line pronouncing

Orthographic transcription as the

Oxford English Dictionary

Spoken language lexical databases

phonemic

Orthographic transcription as the

phonetic

Linguistic part

pronouncing

Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Linguistic testing: Creating test

pronunciation

Spoken language lexical databases | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule

Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Analog and digital speech | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Recommendations on data collection

digital signal

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Speech recordingstorage, and | Connectivity | Analog and digital speech | Quantisation and coding | Telephone recordings | Telephone recordings | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on data collection | Recommendations on data collection | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Recommendations on recording chain | Description of recording conditions | Description of recording conditions | Analysis and conditioning tools | Hardware devices | Software tools | Software tools | Technical set-up | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Automatic gain control | Examples of speaker verification

dimensions of difficulty

System capability profile versus

diphone

Phonetic part | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with few | Lexical databases and system | Applications of morphology | Corpora | Corpora | Stochastic language modelling | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Glass box vs. black | Subjects | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests

Diphone Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

diphthong

Introduction | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Pronunciation information

disambiguation

Lexical information as properties | Recommendations on choice of | Syntactic parsing | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody

discounting

absolute

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | The full trigram model | The full trigram model | Pooling of parameters | Pooling of parameters | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off

linear

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Pooling of parameters | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off

discourse analysis

General linguistic research | Spontaneous speech about a

distortion

Speech recognition systems | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Audiology | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Quantisation and coding | 5. Pressure zone microphones | 3. Microphone preamplifier | Telephone recordings | Telephone recordings | Recommendations on the recording | Recording chain characteristics | Recording chain characteristics | Signals and systems | Linear distortions | Non-linear distortions | Listener method | Recommendations | Human vs. automated | Overall quality reference conditions

amplitude

Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions

damping

Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions

linear

Introduction | 2. Soundproof booth | Linear distortions | Phase distortions | Recommendations on recording chain

non-linear

Introduction | Telephone recordings | Non-linear distortions | Non-linear distortions | Recommendations on recording chain

phase

Microphone | Data collection | Recommendations on data collection | Linear distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions

disyllable

Comparability across languages

documentation

Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Reduced word forms | Interjections

domain

Classification of recognition systems

domain expertise

Subject variables | User characterisation

Doug Paul

Language model

DPSIE

see Diagnostic Pairs Sentence Intelligibility Evaluation Test

drivers

Drivers | Application programming interfaces (APIs) | Application generators | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

drop-out

Speech quality and conditions

DRT

see Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

dry run

Experimental design of large | Dry run\indexdry run | Dry run

DTMF

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Speech recordingstorage, and | Interactive voice systems | DTMF\indexDTMFpulse detection\indexpulse detection, | DTMFpulse detection, | Examples of speaker verification | Definitions | Definitions

dummy head

1. Equalising headphones | 3. Using dummy heads | 3. Using dummy heads

dummy item

Recommendations

duration

Speech quantity and quality | Speech quantity and quality | Factorial experiments and corpus | Use of segmented speech | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | The ToBI labelling system | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Non-parametric tests | Classification | Acoustic-based measures | Judgment tests of prosody | From human to automated | Transaction success

dialogue

System dimension configuration | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | A core set of | Dialogue duration | Dialogue duration | Transaction success

mean vowel

Simple hypothesis testing

of a call

System dimension configuration | System dimension configuration

of a sentence

Types of language models

of average noise consumption

2. Hearing relevant habits

of recording

Random recordings | Cost

of training phase

Speaker-adapted systems | Speech training material | Lexicon generation

phoneme

Lexica in selected spoken | Recommendations on choice of | Functional tests of prosody

rule-derived

Judgment tests of prosody

segment

Examples of the two | Acoustic-based measures | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Functions of segments | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing

syllable

1. Average level and | 1. Average level and | 2. Precision of articulation | Word stress

tone unit

Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing

turn

A core set of | Turn duration | Turn duration | Transaction success

duration model

Phonetic part

duration rules

Use of segmented speech | Recommendations on choice of | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody

duration structure

Recommendations on choice of

dynamic microphone

see microphone, dynamic

dynamic programming

Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs

dynamic range

Recording on location | Equipment | Speech quality and conditions | Addition of noise

Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)

Speech recognition systems | Segmentation | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | From human to automated

dysarthria

Pathological speech

dysphonia

Pathological speech | Pathological speech

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

E

E1 (USA)

Telephone interfaces | Planning for expansion

ear-training

Subjects

echo

Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Microphone | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Telephone recordings | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters

echo cancelling functions

Telephone interfaces

EER

see equal error rate (EER)

efficiency

Amplitude distortions

electrical characteristics

Speech quality and conditions

electroglottogram

Speech corpora with few

electromagnetic articulography (EMA)

Electromagnetic articulography | Electromagnetic articulography

electromyograph activity (EMG activity)

Speech corpora with few

electromyograph signal (EMG signal)

Spoken language corpus | Recording in a studio | Multi-channel recording

electropalatography

Spoken Language corpus collection | Multi-channel recording | Electropalatography | Electropalatography | A caveat

EM algorithm

Goals of the chapter | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation

emotion

Speaker characteristics verification or | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spontaneous speech | Spontaneous speech | Stable / transient speaker | Pathological speech | Automatic gain control | Typology of applications | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Prosodic quality testing

emotion-by-rule

Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody

emulation packages

Host-computer interfaces

energy threshold

Signal-to-noise ratio | Diagnostic methods with a | Recogniser specific parameters

environment

Spoken Language standards and | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus collection | Physical characterisation and description | Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speaker dependency | Speech training material | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Microphone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Pathological speech | Introduction | Data collection dimensions | Clandestine microphone recordings | Recommendations | Visible recordings | Visible recordings | Recommendations | Environment: Studio vs. on | Recording in a studio | Recording on location | Recommendations | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Recommendations | Recording device | Recording device | Introduction | The communication chain | The communication chain | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Recording environment | 4. Anechoic chamber | Environment characteristics | Artificial vs. natural environment | Visual environment | Miscellaneous environmental factors | Description of recording conditions | Description of recording conditions | Description of recording conditions | Recommendations on reproducibility | Modification of speech parameters | Simulation of environmental factors | Simulation of environmental factors | Recommendations | Transformation of speech databases | Typology of applications | On-site (local) applications | Recommendations | Recommendations on choice of | Segmental reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Field tests | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Characterisation | Environment characterisation | Environment characterisation | Environment characterisation | Result corpus characterisation | Assessment metrics | Recommendations on evaluation methodology

acoustic

Speech quantity and quality | General remarks | Recording in a studio | The communication chain | Recording environment | 1. Laboratory room | 3. Recording studio | Simulation of environmental factors | Post-production parameters | Environment characterisation

adverse

Signal-to-noise ratio | Recording device | Speech quality and conditions | User characterisation

anechoic chamber

see anechoic chamber

artificial vs. natural

Artificial vs. natural environment | Recommendations on artificial vs.

auditory

Introduction | The communication chain | The communication chain | Auditory environment | Recommendations on the auditory | Simulation of environmental factors

development

Canned speech | Multi-linguality | Computer telephony integration

familiar

Different types of speech

field

see field | see field

in-car

The communication chain | Specifications for speech corpora | Recommendations on microphones

laboratory

see laboratory | see laboratory

living

Voice characteristics tests

noisy

see noise | see noise

open

Connectivity

recommendations on recording environment

Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording

reverberant

see reverberation

speech assessment

Specifications for speech corpora | Specifications for speech corpora

studio

see studio | see studio

test

The environment in which | The environment in which

very quiet

2. Microphone | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the auditory | Recommendations on the visual

visual

Introduction | The communication chain | The communication chain | Visual environment | Recommendations on the visual

environmental control device

Pathological speech

epenthesis

Pronunciation information

equal error rate (EER)

Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Example | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification

equal loudness contours

Phones and sones

equalisation techniques

diffuse-field

see headphone, diffuse-field equalised

free-field

see headphone, free-field equalisation

Erlang

System dimension configuration | System dimension configuration

error rate

Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Monitoring and validation | Formal definition | Sources of recognition errors | The performance measure as | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Confusions | Confusions | Confusions | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Requirements for WOZ simulations

equal

see equal error rate (EER)

sentence

Recognition score | Reference methods

word

Recognition score | Connected or continuous word | Reference methods | Reference methods

ESPRIT

EAGLES objectives | Spoken Language standards and | The ESPRIT SAM | The ESPRIT SAM | The EAGLES Spoken | Assessment of Spoken Language | Speech synthesis | Speech corpora with few | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | Pronunciation information | Modelling of the auditory | Recommendations on the auditory | Introduction | Technical set-up | Why speech output assessment? | Subjects | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Conclusion: summary of test

estimator

Estimating means | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word

EUROM-1

The ESPRIT SAM | The reference material | Correcting errors in the | Corpora for speech recognition | Speech corpora with few | Laryngography | Diagnostic methods with a

event-dependent speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, event-dependent

exchange

Definitions | Definitions | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Glass box assessment | Quantitative measures

expectation-maximisation algorithm

see EM algorithm

exploitation phase

Speech recognition systems | Training

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Functional adequacy and user

external NLP module

Language modelling

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

F

F ratio

Ratio of sample variances

face-to-face spoken dialogue translation

What are speech output | Task type

factor

Populationssamples and other | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance | Functional adequacy and user | Functional adequacy and user | Functional adequacy and user | Functional adequacy and user

factorial experiment

Factorial experiments\indexfactorial experiment and | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with about

false acceptance

Error measure presentation | Speaker verification errors | Speaker verification errors | Speaker verification errors | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Types of error | Types of error | Definitions | Verification | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Comments | Comments | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Expected benefit | Expected benefit | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Example | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | On-site (local) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Alternative techniques | Product assessment | Product assessment | Product assessment

false alarm

Progress | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Confusions

false rejection

Speaker verification errors | Speaker verification errors | Speaker verification errors | Speaker verification errors | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Types of error | Definitions | Verification | False rejection rates | False rejection rates | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Example | Example | Example | Example | Example | Expected benefit | Expected benefit | Expected benefit | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Example | Example | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | On-site (local) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Alternative techniques | Product assessment | Product assessment | Product assessment | Product assessment | Product assessment

FFT data

Spoken language corpus | Introduction

field

Spoken Language systems | Field speech data\indexfield (in-situ | Field speech data | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora with about | Recording on location | Recording on location | Legal aspects | Representative databases | Speaker purpose and other | Design by intuition

field testing

Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of synthesis systems | Rejection mode | Application vocabulary and confusion | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Specifications for speech corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Representative databases | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Alternative techniques | Product assessment | Recommendations | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Judgment laboratory tests | Field testing | Field tests | Voice characteristics tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Predicting field performance from | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | The environment in which | The environment in which

vs. laboratory testing

Laboratory vs. field | Recommendations on choice of

figure of merit

Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Reference systems | Users of this chapter

filter bank data

Spoken language corpus | Introduction

finite state automaton

Menu-driven systems

finite state grammar

see grammar, finite state

finite state language model

see language model, finite state

finite state network

Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Finding the single

finite state syntax

see syntax, finite state

first language acquisition

First language acquisition\indexfirst language

fixed-vocabulary speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, fixed-vocabulary

flawless speech

The communication chain | The communication chain | Specifications for speech corpora | Recommendations on recording strategies | Recommendations on recording strategies | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Amplitude distortions | Signal contamination

flowchart

Specification and design | Specification and design | Additional recommendations

fluency

Speaking fluency | Speaking fluency | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Pathological speech | Pre-production parameters | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests

focus

Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | What are speech output | Word stress | Functions of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Glass box assessment

foot

Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Prosodic information

formant extraction

Spoken language corpus | Speaker characteristics | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Introduction

frequency distribution

Factorial experiments and corpus | Spectrographic method

frequency response

Microphone | Microphone | Microphone | Microphone | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 6. Headsets | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Recommendations on recording chain

frequency spectrum

Periodic and aperiodic motion | Phones and sones | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | Linear distortions | Phase distortions | Non-linear distortions | Modification of speech parameters

fricative

Recording on location | Introduction | Manual segmentation | Manual segmentation | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Progress

full trigram model

Goals of the chapter | The full trigram model | The full trigram model

functional disorder

Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech

functional testing

Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment | Methodology | Subjects | Test procedures | Functional laboratory tests | Recommendations on functional testing | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Predicting functional behaviour from | Predicting functional behaviour from | Prosodic quality testing

vs. judgment testing

Judgment vs. functional testing | Judgment vs. functional testing

fundamental frequency (F0)

Recording on location | Physical transcription | Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | The IPO approach | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Introduction | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | The dB scale | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Sampling | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 3. Average level and | 3. Average level and | 1. Pure-tone audiometry | Microphones | Microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 5. Pressure zone microphones | 6. Headsets | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Laboratory room | 2. Soundproof booth | 4. Anechoic chamber | 3. Microphone preamplifier | Telephone recordings | Telephone recordings | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Recommendations on microphones | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | 2. Electrical PDIs | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | 1. Equalising headphones | Signals and systems | Linear distortions | Linear distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions | Non-linear distortions | Non-linear distortions | Non-linear distortions | Non-linear distortions | Recommendations on recording chain | Recommendations on recording chain | Description of recording conditions | Description of recording conditions | Reference signals | Reference signals | Reference signals | Hardware devices | Software tools | Modification of speech parameters | Modification of speech parameters | Modification of speech parameters | Modification of speech parameters | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Specific calibrated databases | Pre-production parameters

Fuzzy Logic

The lexicon in spoken

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

G

G-effect

User characterisation

gating experiment

Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research

gender

Test material selection

gender ratio

Representative databases | Test material selection

gender-balanced

Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Comments | Comments | Comments | False rejection rates | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Comments | Comments | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations

general public

Speaker dependency | Speaker dependency | Read aloud isolated sentences | System and product assessment | System and product assessment | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Wizard variables | User characterisation

Generalised LInear Modelling Techniques (GLIM)

Employing expert judgments to

genuine speaker

see speaker, genuine

glass box

Assessment of synthesis systems | Text-to-speech synthesis | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Towards a taxonomy of | Glass box vs. black | Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Test procedures | Reference conditions | Glass box approach | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | How much is being | Glass box assessment | Glass box assessment | Recommendations on evaluation methodology

vs. black box

Glass box vs. black | Recommendations on choice of

GLIM

see Generalised LInear Modelling Techniques (GLIM)

global approach

Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Subjects | Voice characteristics tests | Predicting global from analytic | Predicting global from analytic

vs. analytic approach

Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment

glottal

Microphone | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | The communication chain | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Mechanical PDIs | 2. Electrical PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Reference signals

glottal stop

Narrow phonetic transcription

glottal-to-noise excitation

Anatomical (voice) descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors

goat

Speaker selection | Assessment parameters | Misclassification rates | Product assessment | Product assessment

grammar

EAGLES organisational structure | Language modelling | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Grammatical information | Recommendations on grammatical information | Pragmatic information | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Types of language models | Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Language model | Design by intuition | Design by observation | The first experimental phase | Additional recommendations | Additional recommendations | Additional recommendations | Background

n-gram

see n-gram model

bigram

see bigram

competence

General linguistic research

context free

Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Word graphs

dialogue

see dialogue grammar

finite state

Lexica in selected spoken | Grammar based language models

lexicalised

Grammar based language models

link

Goals of the chapter | Grammar based language models

null

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken

phrase structure

Types of language models

probabilistic

Conclusion | Grammar based language models | Assessment parameters | Language model | see language model, probabilistic

sentence

Representative databases

stochastic

Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Word graphs

traditional school

Lexicon models and lexical

word-pair

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Assessment parameters

grammar checking

Syntactic parsing | Linguistic testing: Creating test

grapheme-to-phoneme conversion

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Read aloud isolated sentences | Introduction | Segmentation and labelling in | Orthographic transcription as the | List of recommendations | Types of application for | Orthographic information | Orthographic information | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Morphological decomposition | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

Application generators

graveness

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

greedy algorithm

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Factorial experiments and corpus | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with few

GUI

see Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

gullibility

Subject variables

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

H

handheld microphone

see microphone, handheld

harsh voice

1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | Functions of voice characteristics

Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

Haskins Syntactic Sentences

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Haskins Syntactic Sentences

HCI

see human-computer interaction (HCI)

HCI (human-computer interface)

Spoken Language system design

HDSCAL

Confusion matrices

headmounted microphone

see microphone, headmounted

headphone

Spoken Language resources | The communication chain | Recording environment | Recommendations on the recording | Auditory environment | Auditory environment | Use and compensation of | Feedback compensation | Modelling of the auditory | Subject conditioning | Recommendations on the auditory | Recommendations on the auditory | Recommendations on the auditory | Head mounted visual displays | Amplitude distortions | Field tests

diffuse-field equalised

Using diffuse-field equalised headphones | 4. Various diffuse-field headphones | Recommendations on the auditory | Recommendations on the auditory

free-field equalised

1. Equalising headphones | 2. Selection of the | 2. Selection of the | Recommendations on the auditory

open vs. closed

Open vs. closed headphones | Open vs. closed headphones | Recommendations on the auditory

headset microphone

see microphone, headset

health

Speaker dependency | Speaker characteristics verification or | Psychological and physiological conditions | Cineradiography | Recommendations | Legal aspects | Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Transformation of speech databases

health state identification

Speaker characteristics verification or | Speaker classification tasks

height

see speaker, weight/height of

heterography

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

heterophony

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Pronunciation information

Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

Speech recognition systems | Branching factor (perplexity | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | A caveat | Use of segmented speech | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Lexical information as properties | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Bayes decision rule | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Experimental selection of material | Recogniser specific parameters | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Design by observation

histogram

Pronunciation information | Implications of the perplexity | Estimating means | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

HMM

see Hidden Markov Model (HMM)

hoarseness

see pathological speech, hoarseness

homography

Lexical databases and system | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Grapheme-phoneme conversion

homonymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

homophony

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Lexicon architecture and the | Segmental tests

host-computer

Host-computer interfaces | Host-computer interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar)

Lexicon models and lexical

human subjects

vs. automated assessment

Human vs. automated | Human vs. automated

human-computer interaction (HCI)

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | The Wizard of Oz | The Wizard of Oz | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by simulation | Design by simulation | The Wizard of Oz | Wizard variables | Additional recommendations | Contextual appropriateness | see alsoman-machine interaction (MMI)

human-computer interface

Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language system design | Assessment of Spoken Language | Laboratory vs. field | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Prosodic quality testing | SAM Prosodic Function

human-human interaction

Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by simulation | Design by simulation | The first experimental phase | Recommendations on design methodology | Additional recommendations | Task type | Qualitative measures

hyperbolic model

System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling

hyperonymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

hyponymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

hypothesis testing

Hypothesis testing\indexhypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

I

identification

see spoken language identification

identity assignment

Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Reference systems

idiolect

Dialect forms | Design by observation

idiom

Kinds of lexical unit | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information

phrasal

A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Pronunciation information

pragmatic

Spoken language and written | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information

idiosyncrasy

Specification of number and | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Word stress

ILEX (Integrated LEXicon

Spoken language lexical databases | Prosodic information

imitation ability

Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and

impostor

Speaker verification errors | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Recommendations | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | On-site (local) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Product assessment | Product assessment

acquainted

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Example | False acceptance rates and

casual

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Comments

intentional

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | False acceptance rates and | Transformation of speech databases

poor

False acceptance rates and | Example

pseudo-

Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Threshold setting

skilled

False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Example

unacquainted

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other

unintentional

Transformation of speech databases

well-intentioned

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations

impostor model

Speaker identification error | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Example | Example

in-situ recording

Field speech data\indexfield (in-situ | Field speech data | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

inbound calls

Telephone interfaces

independent t test

Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests

independent variable

see variable, independent

infix

Types of morphological information

inflection

Spoken language lexical databases | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | The notion of ``lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology | Recommendations on morphology | More complex lexical databases

information slots

Canned speech | What are speech output

insertion

Experimental results | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Progress | Progress | Progress | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Scoring method | Scoring method | Segmental tests at the | Correction rate

insertion-loss compensation

Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Modelling of the auditory | Recommendations on the auditory

intensity

Spoken language corpus | Male / female speakers | Professional vs. untrained speakers | Types of approach to | Phones and sones | 4. Average level and | 2. Speech audiometry | Description of recording conditions | Reference signals | Hardware devices | Word stress | Prosodic quality testing

interaction

Analysis of Variance design | Definitions | Definitions

Interactive Voice Response (IVR)

Host-computer interfaces | Host-computer interfaces | Menu dialogue systems | Interactive voice response systems: | Recommendations on prompt design | Dialogue strategies

interactive voice system

System design | Interactive voice systems\indexinteractive voice | DTMFpulse detection, | Menu dialogue systems | Design by intuition | Interactive voice response systems: | Recommendations on prompt design | Dialogue strategies

interjection

Interjections | Lexical databases and system | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information

internal switching matrix

Connectivity

International Phonetic Alphabet

see IPA

International Phonetic Association

The CRIL conventions | Pronunciation information

interoperability

Connectivity

interpolation

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | The full trigram model | The full trigram model | Pooling of parameters | Cache | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation

interpreting telephony

What are speech output | Functions of voice characteristics

intonation

Phonetic part | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with few | Pathological speech | Use of segmented speech | Prosodic transcription | Types of approach to | Types of approach to | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Recommendations on lexical surface | Sentence syntax information | Pragmatic information | Idiomatic information | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 3. Average level and | 1. Mechanical PDIs | Recommendations on choice of | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Linguistic testing: Creating test | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Function | SAM Prosodic Function | Design by observation | Wizard variables | Communication channel variables

intonation pattern

The IPO approach

IPA

Orthographic identity and phonetic | The CRIL conventions | The CRIL conventions | The CRIL conventions | The CRIL conventions | The CRIL conventions | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | List of recommendations | Lexica in selected spoken | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | A simple database type:

IPO

Examples of the two | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | List of recommendations | List of recommendations

ISDN

Telephone interfaces | Recording on location | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Telephone recordings | Telephone recordings | Data collection | Recommendations on the recording | Examples of speaker verification | Alternative techniques

isolated phonemes

Audiology | Read aloud isolated phonemes\indexphoneme\indexread

isolated sentences

General linguistic research | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud text fragments | Sentence accent | Sentence accent | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody

isolated words

Assessment of recognition systems | Speaking mode | Rejection mode | Response time | Spoken language corpus | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated words | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with more | Visibility: open vs. secret | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Confusions | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of large | Scoring method | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Segmental quality testing | Menu dialogue systems | Overall system characterisation

vs. continuous speech

Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous

isophone

Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Reference signals

ITU

Judgment laboratory tests

ITU-T Overall Quality Test

Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Voice characteristics tests | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

IVR

see Interactive Voice Response (IVR)

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

J

jitter

Anatomical (voice) descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors

judgment testing

Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment | Methodology | Recommendations on choice of | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Introduction | Predicting functional behaviour from | Predicting functional behaviour from | Prosodic quality testing

at the word level

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

laboratory

Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing

of prosody

Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody

vs. functional testing

Judgment vs. functional testing | Judgment vs. functional testing

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

K

keyword

Introduction | Speech modelling and syntactic | Quality measures | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Haskins Syntactic Sentences | Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

knowledge-based systems

vs. stochastic systems

Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

L

labelling

Spoken Language corpus representation | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speech training material | Speech data collection | Speech data collection | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Field speech data | Speech recognition and application | Training | Phonetic part | Phonetic part | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | Introduction | Cost | Introduction | Introduction | Concerning the segmentation and | Segmentation and labelling in | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Citation-phonemic representation | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Narrow phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Physical transcription | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | The notion of ``lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Corpora | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Modification of speech parameters | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Classification | Progress | Experimental design | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Pre-processing | Word stress | Background

in VERBMOBIL

Segmentation and labelling in

in VERBMOBIL

Segmentation and labelling in

in MARSEC

The MARSEC labelling

in MARSEC

The MARSEC labelling

in ToBI

The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system

prosodic

Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Provisional recommendations for prosodic

in VERBMOBIL

Prosodic labelling in the

in VERBMOBIL

Prosodic labelling in the

speaker

Related tasks | Typology of applications

laboratory

Spoken Language systems | Spoken language corpus | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with more | Introduction | Microphone | Recording device | Microphones | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Laboratory room | Recommendations | Recommendations | Design by observation

laboratory prototype

see prototype

laboratory speech

Correcting errors in the

laboratory testing

Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of synthesis systems | Application vocabulary and confusion | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Specifications for speech corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Speaker purpose and other | Laboratory testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | Preliminary remarks | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Relationships among tests | Introduction | Introduction | Predicting field performance from | Predicting field performance from | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | The environment in which | The environment in which

vs. field testing

Laboratory vs. field | Recommendations on choice of

lamb

Mistrust rates

Language Engineering Standards (LES)

Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis

language identification

Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products

language model

Speech recognition systems | Language modelling | Language modelling | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Basic features of a | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Applications of morphology | Language models | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Classification of recognition systems | Training material | Language model | Language model | Language model | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Recommendations on design methodology | Knowledge databases | Overall system characterisation

m-gram

see m-gram model

bigram

see bigram

finite state

Types of language models | Grammar based language models

grammar based

Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models

probabilistic

Classification of recognition systems | Language model

statistical

Statistical language models | Acquisition tools

stochastic

Lexical information as properties | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Formal definition | Conclusion

trigram

see trigram

types of

Types of language models | Types of language models

unigram

see unigram

language model constraints

see constraints, language model

language model robustness

Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models

laryngograph

1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Electrical PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings

laryngograph recording

Multi-channel recording | Laryngography | Laryngography

laryngograph signal

Spoken language corpus | Introduction | Multi-channel recording | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs)

laryngography

Spoken Language corpus collection

lattice of lexicon entries

Speech recognition and application

leaving-one-out

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Conclusion | The full trigram model | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off

lemma

A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Stem and morph lexica | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information

lemmatisation

Spoken language lexical databases

LES

see Language Engineering Standards (LES)

lexical access

Lexical information as properties

lexical database

Revision and completion of | Lexical information as properties | Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | The notion of ``lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | More complex lexical databases | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Word stress | Morphological decomposition

lexical information model

Lexicon models and lexical

lexical noise

Lexical databases and system

lexical unit

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Lexical units | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical semantic information

lexicalised grammar

see grammar, lexicalised

lexicon

BRULEX psycholinguistic

Spoken language lexical databases

bilingual

Second language acquisition

declarative

The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical knowledge acquisition for

EVAR

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken

exceptions

Pre-processing

fully inflected form

Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica

hierarchical

A simple sign model

in SL recognition systems

The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken

mental

Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research

morph

Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica

morpheme

Morphological decomposition

procedural

The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical

pronunciation

Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single

prosodic

Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information

spoken language

Spoken language lexica | Lexical information as properties | What is a spoken | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | A simple sign model | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information | Lexicon structure | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | A simple database type: | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Acquisition tools | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook

spoken language vs. written language

Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written

stem

Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica

lexicon architecture

Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon structure | Lexicon architecture and lexical

lexicon construction

About this chapter | Acquisition tools | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction

lexicon model

Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction

lexicon size

Lexicon size | Lexicon size | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Fully inflected form lexica | Pronunciation information

lexicon structure

Lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon structure

lexicon theory

Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical

lexicon-entry identifier

Speech recognition and application

liaison

Canned speech | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | A simple database type: | A simple database type:

Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) systems

Signals and systems | Signals and systems | Signals and systems

linear distortion

see distortion, linear

linear interpolation

Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Cache | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation

linguistic interface

What are speech output | Linguistic aspects | Pre-processing | Sentence accent | Introduction | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

vs. acoustic interface

Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic vs. acoustic

linguistic module

Speech recognition and application | Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic aspects | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

lingware

Lexicon architecture and lexical | Recommendations on lexicon construction

link grammar

see grammar, link

listener descriptors

Listener descriptors | 2. Speech audiometry

listening effort

Quality measures | Overall quality reference conditions | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

Lombard effect

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Channel conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Pre-production parameters | Transformation of speech databases

LPC data

Spoken language corpus | Speech synthesis | Introduction | Physical transcription | Segmental reference conditions

LTI system

see Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) system

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

M

m-gram model

Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Types of language models | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Word graphs

magnitude estimation method

Experimental design | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | SAM Prosodic Function | SAM Overall Quality | SAM Overall Quality

man-machine interaction (MMI)

System design | Introduction | Introduction | Spoken language systems | The Wizard of Oz | The Wizard of Oz

Mann-Whitney U test

Non-parametric tests

manual segmentation

see segmentation, manual

MARSEC

Background | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | List of recommendations | The MARSEC labelling | The MARSEC labelling

McNemar test

Non-parametric tests | Scoring the results

menu-driven system

Menu-driven systems\indexmenu-driven system | Menu-driven systems

meta-textuals

Pre-processing

microphone

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus collection | Speaker dependency | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Speech input and speech | Microphone interfaces | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Signal-to-noise ratio | Speech quantity and quality | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech input/output interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spoken language corpus | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Channel conditions | Channel conditions | Spontaneous speech about a | General remarks | Introduction | Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Visible recordings | Visible recordings | Visible recordings | Recording in a studio | Recording on location | Random recordings | Random recordings | Equipment | Equipment | Equipment | Microphone | Microphone | Recommendations | Amplifier/Processor | Legal aspects | Introduction | The communication chain | Anatomical (voice) descriptors | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Microphones | 6. Headsets | Recording environment | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Laboratory room | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | Studio | Studio | 1. Pop noise | 1. Pop noise | 1. Pop noise | 1. Pop noise | 2. Microphone | 2. Microphone | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 3. Microphone preamplifier | Telephone recordings | Telephone recordings | Data collection | Data collection | Recording procedure | Recording procedure | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Parallel recordings | 1. Mechanical PDIs | 1. Mechanical PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Open vs. closed headphones | Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Feedback compensation | Feedback compensation | Modelling of the auditory | Talker mirroring in the | Frontal visualisation | Recommendations on the visual | Recording chain characteristics | Description of recording conditions | Reference channels | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters | Technical set-up | Automatic gain control | Speech quality | Recommendations | Example | Example | Typology of applications | Environment characterisation | Environment characterisation

bidirectional

3. Bidirectional microphones (figure-of-eight | 3. Bidirectional microphones (figure-of-eight

close-up

Microphone

condenser

Recording in a studio | Microphone | 2. Condenser microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording

dynamic

Microphone | 1. Dynamic microphones | 1. Dynamic microphones

handheld

Microphone interfaces | Microphone interfaces

headmounted

Microphone interfaces

headset

Microphone | Recommendations | 1. Dynamic microphones | 6. Headsets | 6. Headsets | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording | Insertion-loss compensation | Recommendations on the auditory

omnidirectional

Microphone | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 4. Ultradirectional microphones (shotgun) | 5. Pressure zone microphones | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording

positioning of the

Microphone interfaces | Recording on location | Microphone | Recommendations | 1. Pop noise | Recording procedure | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Talker mirroring in the

press-to-talk

Microphone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

pressure zone

5. Pressure zone microphones | 5. Pressure zone microphones | 3. Microphone preamplifier

recommendations on

Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on microphones

room

Microphone

table-top

Microphone

ultradirectional

4. Ultradirectional microphones (shotgun) | 4. Ultradirectional microphones (shotgun)

unidirectional

Microphone | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 4. Ultradirectional microphones (shotgun) | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording

cardioid

2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 3. Bidirectional microphones (figure-of-eight | Recommendations on microphones

hypercardioid

2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones

supercardioid

2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones

microphone array

Microphone interfaces | Spontaneous speech about a | Microphone | Environment characterisation

microphone installation

Microphone interfaces

microphone interfaces

Microphone interfaces\indexmicrophone interfaces | Microphone interfaces

Minimal Pairs Intelligibility Test (MPI)

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

misclassification

see speaker misclassification

mistaken speaker

see speaker, mistaken

mistrust

Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Comments | Comments | Comments | Example | Recommendations

MMI

see man-machine interaction (MMI)

MNRU

see Modulated Noise Reference Unit (MNRU)

model generation

Speech modelling and syntactic

Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

Test procedures | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Segmental quality testing | Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

Modulated Noise Reference Unit (MNRU)

Overall quality reference conditions | Overall quality reference conditions

monitoring

Data collection dimensions | Monitoring and validation | Monitoring and validation | Product assessment | Task type

on-line

Clandestine microphone recordings | Visible recordings

phoneme

Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Global vs. analytic assessment

syllable

Global vs. analytic assessment

word

Global vs. analytic assessment | Functional laboratory tests | Relationships among tests

monologue

Spoken Language resources | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | The transcription of read | The MARSEC labelling

mood identification

Speaker characteristics verification or | Speaker classification tasks

Morpa

Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition

morph

Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | A simple sign model | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

bound

Applications of morphology

free

Applications of morphology

lexical

Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

orthographic

Stem and morph lexica | Applications of morphology

phonological

Stem and morph lexica | Applications of morphology

morph boundary

Pronunciation information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

morpheme

Linguistic part | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | A simple sign model | Stem and morph lexica | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Word stress | Word stress | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Functional tests of prosody

grammatical

Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

lexical

Kinds of lexical unit | Stem and morph lexica | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

morpheme boundary

Read aloud isolated words | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition

morphographemic alternation

see alternation, morphographemic

morphological decomposition

Linguistic part | Stem and morph lexica | Applications of morphology | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition

morphological generator

Applications of morphology

morphology

Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Morphological information | Recommendations on morphology | Sentence syntax information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | A simple database type: | A simple database type:

applications of

Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

inflectional

Spoken language and written | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica

recommendations on

Recommendations on morphology | Recommendations on morphology

two-level

Fully inflected form lexica | Applications of morphology

morphophonemics

A simple sign model | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information

morphophonological alternation

see alternation, morphophonological

morphophonological rules

Pronunciation information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

morphotactic rules

Pronunciation information | Applications of morphology

morphotactics

Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information

MPI

see Minimal Pairs Intelligibility Test (MPI)

MRT

see Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

MS-TAPI

Computer telephony integration

multi-channel system

Response time | Speech processing boards | Real-time aspects

multi-layered hardware and software architecture

Connectivity

multi-speaker system

Speaker dependency

Multi-Vendor Integration Protocol (MVIP)

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity | Connectivity

multiplexed digital telephony highway

Connectivity

MVIP

see Multi-Vendor Integration Protocol (MVIP)

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

N

n-gram model

Assessment parameters | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language model | Language modelling

nasal

Pathological speech | Air-flow measurements | Manual segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Segmentation and labelling in | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Levels of text dependence

nasalisation

Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Narrow phonetic transcription

nasality

Voice characteristics tests | Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

National Institute of Standards (NIST)

Standards and resources for | Consultation with the R&D | Assessment of Spoken Language | Experimental design of large | Scoring method

NATO

Spoken Language standards and | Abbreviations and spelled words | Addition of noise

natural language processing (NLP)

Language modelling | Eight main differences between | Eight main differences between | The different nature of | Spoken language systems | Lexical information as properties | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Statistical language models | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation

naturalness

Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Quality measures | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Different types of speech | Read aloud text fragments | Spontaneous speech about a | Clandestine microphone recordings | Physical transcription | List of recommendations | Global vs. analytic assessment | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Overall Quality | SAM Overall Quality

Neural Network

Speech recognition systems | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | The lexicon in spoken | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Sampling | Biases | Estimating proportions | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Classification | Baseline performance

newspaper

Eight main differences between | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud text fragments | Speech corpora with few | Speaker recruitment | Speaker recruitment | Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters | Acoustic training | Language model | Test material selection | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Functional laboratory tests | Functional laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Morphological decomposition | Sentence accent | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Linguistic testing: Creating test

NIST

see National Institute of Standards (NIST)

node

Grammar based language models | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Knowledge databases

noise

Spoken Language standards and | Assessment of recognition systems | Assessment of recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speaker dependency | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Task/Application adaptation | Speech recognition and application | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Menu-driven systems | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Correcting errors in the | Sociolinguistic research | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Isolated words vs. continuous | Channel conditions | Channel conditions | Channel conditions | Recommendations | Recording in a studio | Recording in a studio | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recording on location | Recommendations | Monitoring and validation | Microphone | Microphone | Microphone | Microphone | Microphone | Recommendations | Amplifier/Processor | Recording device | Recording device | Recording device | Orthographic transcription of read | Physical transcription | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | The lexicon in spoken | A simple database type: | Conclusion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Sampling | Quantisation and coding | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Hearing relevant habits to 2. Hearing relevant habits | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | Recording environment | 4. Anechoic chamber | 4. Anechoic chamber | Studio | Studio | Studio | 2. Microphone | 2. Microphone | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 4. Wiring and transmission | Telephone recordings | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on microphones | Recommendations on the recording | 1. Mechanical PDIs | Artificial vs. natural environment | Feedback compensation | Subject conditioning | Non-linear distortions | Description of recording conditions | Reference signals | Reference signals | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Manipulatedartificial and diagnostic | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters | Test procedure | Automatic gain control | Recommendations | Example | Transformation of speech databases | Transformation of speech databases | Examples of speaker verification | Forensic applications | Spectrographic method | Human vs. automated | Human vs. automated | Human vs. automated | Field tests | Field tests | From human to automated | From human to automated | Predicting field performance from | Predicting field performance from | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Environment characterisation

addition of

Quantisation and coding | Reference methods | Technical set-up | Test procedure | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Conclusion: summary of test

background stationary

Microphone interfaces

equivalent input noise (EIN)

3. Microphone preamplifier

frication

Periodic and aperiodic motion

lexical

see lexical noise

line

Telephone interfaces | see line noise

orthographic

see orthographic noise

pink

see pink noise

pop

see pop noise

signal-to-noise ratio

see signal-to-noise ratio

white

see white noise

noise rejection

2. Unidirectional microphones | 6. Headsets | 6. Headsets | 6. Headsets | Recogniser specific parameters

Noisex

Addition of noise

non-linear distortion

see distortion, non-linear

non-linearities

Telephone interfaces | Microphones | Non-linear distortions | Speech quality and conditions

non-registered speaker

see speaker, non-registered

non-speech sounds

Non-speech sounds | Non-speech sounds

nonsense word

Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with about | Segmental quality testing

nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

null hypothesis

Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Analysis of Variance | Segmentation

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

O

OCR

see Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

off-diagonal elements

Confusions

off-line comprehension tests

Test procedures

off-line identification tests

Test procedures

Oglesby's model

System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Example | Example

omnidirectional microphone

see microphone, omnidirectional

on-line comprehension tests

Test procedures

on-line identification tests

Test procedures

on-line monitoring

see monitoring, on-line

one-tailed hypothesis

Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing

onset

Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Functional laboratory tests | Segmental quality testing | The Bellcore Test | The Bellcore Test | The Bellcore Test

open response identification

Field tests | SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | The Bellcore Test | Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) | Haskins Syntactic Sentences | SAM Semantically Unpredictable | Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

open-set speaker identification

Recommendations | see speaker identification, open-set

operating systems (OS)

Operating systems\indexoperating systems (OS) | Operating systems | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendations on lexicon structure

operational capabilities

Spoken Language system design | Introduction | Introduction

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Statistical language models | Stochastic language modelling

orthographic alternation

see alternation, orthographic

orthographic break

Applications of morphology

orthographic noise

Orthographic information

out-of-vocabulary

Lexical information as properties

out-of-vocabulary word

Speech modelling and syntactic | Rejection mode | Monitoring and validation | Lexica for spoken language | Basic features of a | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Recommendations | Experimental results | Isolated word scoring | Vocabulary | Representative databases | Linguistic parameters | Test material selection | Test material selection

out-of-vocabulary words

Basic features of a

overall quality

Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Global vs. analytic assessment | Global vs. analytic assessment | Overall quality reference conditions | Recommendations on choice of | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Preliminary remarks | Segmental tests | Judgment tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Introduction | Overall quality testing | Overall quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Overall Quality | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

P

PABX

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration

paired comparison

Experimental design | Judgment laboratory tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests

PAM

see Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

paradigmatic relation

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information

paradigmatic similarity

Sentence syntax information

parametric coding strategies

Quantisation and coding

Parametric Test Manager

Predicting field performance from

parse tree

Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models

parsing

Lexicon generation | Language modelling | Speech recognition and application | Sophisticated dialogue manager | Lexical databases and system | Sentence syntax information | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Scope | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Design by observation | Glass box assessment | Correction rate

morphological

Applications of morphology | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition

prosodic

Prosodic information | Sentence syntax information

sentence

Recommendations on lexical surface | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on grammatical information | Linguistic testing: Creating test

syntactic

Morphological decomposition | Syntactic parsing | Syntactic parsing | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test

parts of speech (POS)

Sentence syntax information | Equivalence histories and word | Recommendations: Refined language models | Comparability across languages

party

Definitions | Definitions | Definitions

pathological speech

Applications of spoken language | Smoking and drinking habits | Pathological speech\indexpathological speech | Pathological speech | Legal aspects | Legal aspects

aphasia

Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech

cluttering

Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech

hoarseness

Speech pathology | Smoking and drinking habits | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Recommendations | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | Voice characteristics tests

stuttering

Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Pathological speech | Progress

PCM

see Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

PDI

see Pitch Determination Instruments (PDI)

performance (vs. competence)

General linguistic research | General linguistic research | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition

period

Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | Reference channels | Modification of speech parameters

periodic motion

Periodic and aperiodic motion | Periodic and aperiodic motion

perplexity

Language models | Branching factor\indexbranching factor (perplexity | Branching factor (perplexity | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Goals of the chapter | Perplexity definition | Recommendations | Pooling of parameters | Computational complexity | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Recommendations: Refined language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Representative databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Linguistic parameters | Assessment parameters | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection

formal definition of

Formal definition | Formal definition

Personal Computer

The ESPRIT SAM | Telephone interfaces | System platform | Platforms | Platforms | Connectivity | Computer telephony integration | Software tools | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Automatic gain control | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification

personal-password speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, personal-password

phase

Periodic and aperiodic motion | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 3. Microphone preamplifier | 4. Wiring and transmission | Data collection | Recommendations on data collection | Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Insertion-loss compensation | Linear distortions | Linear distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions | Phase distortions

phase distortion

see distortion, phase

phone

Speech synthesis | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Segmentation | Segmentation | Progress | Progress | Progress | Classification of recognition systems | Recognition score | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Training material | Training material | Training material | Training material | Acoustic training | Lexicon | Lexicon | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection | Recommendations on choice of

phone model

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Experimental selection of material | Acoustic training | Lexicon | Test material selection

phoneme

Quality measures | Size differences between NL | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Audiology | Read aloud isolated phonemes\indexphoneme\indexread | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Factorial experiments and corpus | Factorial experiments and corpus | Factorial experiments and corpus | Factorial experiments and corpus | Read speech recordings | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Segmentation and labelling in | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Citation-phonemic representation | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | List of recommendations | Lexical information as properties | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | A simple database type: | Corpora | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Extensions of the perplexity | Extensions of the perplexity | Extensions of the perplexity | Sources of recognition errors | Sources of recognition errors | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | How to read this | How to read this | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Experimental procedures | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Classification | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Manipulatedartificial and diagnostic | Experimental design | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Recognition score | Training material | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Glass box vs. black | Global vs. analytic assessment | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Segmental tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Functions of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | The Bellcore Test | The Bellcore Test | Overall system characterisation

phoneme frequency

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Factorial experiments and corpus

phoneme model

Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

phoneme monitoring

see monitoring, phoneme

phonemic structure

Read aloud text fragments | Pronunciation information

Phonetic Discrimination

Diagnostic methods with a

phonetic module

Text-to-speech synthesis

phonetic spelling

Lexica in selected spoken

phonetically balanced

The ESPRIT SAM | Speech training material | Lexicon generation | Training | Training | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Test procedures | Test procedures | Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

phonetically rich

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences

phonetics

Spoken Language resources | Phonetic research | Phonetic research | Visibility: open vs. secret | Introduction | Citation-phonemic representation | List of recommendations | A simple sign model | Subjects | Acoustic aspects

articulatory

Speech corpora with few

experimental

Audiology

pink noise

Reference signals

pitch

Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Factorial experiments and corpus | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with few | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Male / female speakers | Professional vs. untrained speakers | Introduction | Introduction | Recording on location | Examples of the two | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | The MARSEC labelling | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Prosodic information | Anatomical (voice) descriptors | Transducer characteristics | Telephone recordings | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings | Modification of speech parameters | Acoustic-based measures | Acoustic-based measures | Acoustic-based measures | Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters | What are speech output | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of | Word stress | Syntactic parsing | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functions of voice characteristics | Prosodic quality testing | Prosodic quality testing

Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs)

Anatomical (voice) descriptors | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings

electrical

2. Electrical PDIs | 2. Electrical PDIs | 3. Ultrasonic PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings

mechanical

1. Mechanical PDIs | 1. Mechanical PDIs

photoelectric

4. Photoelectric PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs

ultrasonic

3. Ultrasonic PDIs | 3. Ultrasonic PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | 4. Photoelectric PDIs

pitch movement

The MARSEC labelling | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Acoustic-based measures | Word stress | Syntactic parsing | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Prosodic quality testing | Prosodic quality testing

platform

COCOSDA | System design | Speech data collection | Training | System platform | System platform | Planning for expansion | Computer telephony integration | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Citation-phonemic representation | Examples of speaker verification | Specification and design

data collection

Speech recognition systems | Speech data collection

development

Training

PC

System platform | Platforms | Examples of speaker verification

playback

Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Canned speech | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recording device | Software tools | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Addition of noise | Addition of noise

pleasantness

Quality measures | Amplitude distortions | Global vs. analytic assessment | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Segmental tests at the | Functional tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics testing | ITU-T Overall Quality Test | Qualitative measures

POLYPHONE corpus

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Semi-spontaneous speech | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Recording on location | Monitoring and validation | Abbreviations and spelled words | Orthographic transcription of read | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena

pooling

Pooling of parameters | Pooling of parameters

pop noise

1. Pop noise | 1. Pop noise | Recommendations on the recording

portability

EAGLES objectives | Connectivity | Connectivity | Recording device | Recording device | Background | List of recommendations | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Examples of speaker verification | Improving existing systems

POS

see parts of speech

pragmatics

Spoken Language lexica | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Lexica in selected spoken | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Lexicon models and lexical | A simple sign model | Pragmatic information | Pragmatic information | Idiomatic information | Idiomatic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Acquisition tools | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Prosodic quality testing | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Wizard variables | Knowledge databases

pre-processing

Speech recognition systems | Speaker-adapted systems | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Spoken language corpus | Acquisition tools | Reference systems | Reference systems | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | SAM Standard Segmental

pre-production parameters

Speech quality and conditions

predictive model of performance

System design | Introduction

prefix

The IPO approach | Kinds of lexical unit | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

press-to-talk microphone

see microphone, press-to-talk

private switch

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces

prompt

Introduction | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Speech synthesis | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech recordingstorage, and | Real-time aspects | Real-time aspects | Computer telephony integration | About this chapter | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud text fragments | Male / female speakers | Interview recordings | Interview recordings | Speaker prompting | Speaker prompting | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Microphone | Recommendations | Cost | Frontal visualisation | Frontal visualisation | Recommendations on the visual | Interaction mode with the | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Examples of speaker verification | System assessment | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on prompt design | Recommendations on prompt design

proprietary system

System platform | Platforms

prosody

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus representation | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Read aloud text fragments | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with about | Visible recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Speaker prompting | Speaker prompting | Monitoring and validation | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Background | Segmentation and labelling in | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Prosodic transcription | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | Kinds of lexical unit | The notion of ``lexical | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on lexical surface | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Pragmatic information | Pragmatic information | Idiomatic information | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Recommendations on the recording | Modification of speech parameters | Psycholinguistic metrics | Acoustic-based measures | Acoustic-based measures | Speech quality and conditions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | What are speech output | What are speech output | Glass box vs. black | Glass box vs. black | Prosodic reference conditions | Prosodic reference conditions | Prosodic reference conditions | Prosodic reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Syntactic parsing | Acoustic aspects | Acoustic aspects | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics | Relationships among tests | Introduction | Predicting functional behaviour from | Predicting functional behaviour from | Predicting field performance from | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Segmental quality testing | Prosodic quality testing | Prosodic quality testing | Voice characteristics testing | Conclusion: summary of test

functional tests of

Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody

functions of

Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody

judgment tests of

Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody

prototype

Assessment of Spoken Language | System capability profile versus | System in operation versus | System in operation versus | System simulation and prototyping | System simulation and prototyping | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Computational complexity | Recommendations: Language models and | Product assessment | Product assessment | Segmental tests at the | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Wizard variables

proximity effect

1. Omnidirectional microphones | 1. Omnidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | 3. Bidirectional microphones (figure-of-eight | 4. Anechoic chamber

pseudo-impostor bundle

Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Example

PSOLA algorithm

Speech synthesis | Modification of speech parameters | Why speech output assessment? | Recommendations on choice of | Functional tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing

PSTN

Telephone interfaces

psycholinguistics

About this chapter | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | First language acquisition | Second language acquisition | Speech pathology | Introduction | Outlook | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Functional laboratory tests | Functional laboratory tests | Functional laboratory tests | Functional tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing | Prosodic quality testing

PTT approval

Telephone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

public network

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Sampling | Sampling

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Speech recordingstorage, and

linear

Quantisation and coding | Quantisation and coding | Recommendations on data collection | Description of recording conditions

logarithmic

Quantisation and coding

Pulse coded modulation Expansion Bus (PEB)

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity

pulse detection

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Interactive voice systems | DTMF\indexDTMFpulse detection\indexpulse detection,

punctuation

Linguistic part | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Printable ASCII-strings and continuously | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Kinds of lexical unit | Recommendations | Recommendations | Pre-processing | Judgment tests of prosody

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

Q

quantisation

Size differences between NL | Laryngography | Electropalatography | Electromagnetic articulography | Recommendations | Recording device | Recording device | Analog and digital speech | Quantisation and coding | Quantisation and coding | Anatomical (voice) descriptors

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

R

ram

Mistrust rates

random sampling

Factorial experiments and corpus | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Sampling | Sampling | Biases | Estimating sample meansproportions | Estimating means | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material

range effects

Classification | Classification | Classification

rank order

Experimental design | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests

Rapid prototyping

System simulation and prototyping

re-prompting

Recommendations on prompt design

read speach

Non-parametric tests

read speech

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus collection | Speaking fluency | Speech data collection | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Different production times for | Correcting errors in the | Different types of speech | Different types of speech | Read aloud isolated phonemes\indexphoneme\indexread | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud text fragments | Read aloud text fragments | Spontaneous speech about a | Speech corpora with more | Male / female speakers | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Data collection dimensions | Visibility: open vs. secret | Interaction and control | Read speech recordings | Read speech recordings | Monitoring and validation | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues | Levels and types of | Recording script | Abbreviations and spelled words | Orthographic transcription\indextranscription!orthographic of read | Orthographic transcription of read | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Experimental design | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Definitions | Judgment tests of prosody | Design by observation | Design by observation | Knowledge databases

omissions in

Non-linguistic and other phenomena

transcription of

The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues

real-time

Speaker-adapted systems | Response time | Speech recordingstorage, and | Speech processing boards | Real-time aspects | Real-time aspects | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Data collection | Modelling of the auditory | Capability profile versus requirement | Experimental design of small | Technical set-up | On-site (local) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Recommendations

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)

Progress | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations

recognition system

see speech recognition system

Recommendation G711

Speech recordingstorage, and

Recommendation G721

Speech recordingstorage, and

recording conditions

Speech quality and conditions

recording phase

About this chapter

post-recording

About this chapter

pre-recording

About this chapter | About this chapter

recording room

Recording environment | Recording environment | Recording rooms | 4. Anechoic chamber | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the visual

recordings

multi-channel

Spoken Language corpus collection | Data collection dimensions | Read speech recordings | Multi-channel recording | Ultrasound imaging | Recording chain characteristics

random

Data collection dimensions | Interaction and control | Random recordings | Random recordings | Interview recordings | Interview recordings

surreptitious

Speaker recognition/verification | Spontaneous speech | Data collection dimensions | Data collection dimensions | Visibility: open vs. secret | Visibility: open vs. secret | Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Clandestine microphone recordings | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Legal aspects | Talker / listener descriptors

visible

Data collection dimensions | Visibility: open vs. secret | Visibility: open vs. secret | Clandestine microphone recordings | Visible recordings | Recommendations

reduced word forms

Reduced word forms | Reduced word forms | List of recommendations

redundancy

Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Implications of the perplexity

in the lexicon

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | A simple sign model | Pronunciation information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical

prosodic

Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody

situational

Laboratory vs. field

redundancy rules

Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical

reference conditions

Methodology | Reference conditions | Comparability across languages | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody

melodic

Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of

overall quality

Overall quality reference conditions | Recommendations on choice of

prosodic

Prosodic reference conditions | Prosodic reference conditions

segmental

Segmental reference conditions | Recommendations on choice of

temporal

Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of

voice characteristics

Voice characteristics reference conditions | Voice characteristics reference conditions

reference system

4. Various diffuse-field headphones | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Reference methods | Reference systems | Reference systems | Benchmarks

register

Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Pragmatic information | Design by observation | Design by observation | Wizard variables

registered speaker

see speaker, registered

rejection

Non-speech sounds | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Telephone interfaces | Error measure presentation | Speaker identification error | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Simple hypothesis testing | Progress | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | False rejection rates | Expected benefit | Reference systems | On-site (local) applications | Examples of speaker verification

false

see false rejection

noise

see noise rejection

rejection capability

Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Telephone interfaces | Assessment parameters

rejection model

Rejection mode | Speaker identification error

related t test

Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests

relative unreliability

Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and

replica

Test material selection

representative database

Assessment purpose versus methodology | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Representative databases | Representative databases | Test material selection

reproducibility

Physical characterisation and description | Introduction | Specifications for speech corpora | Reproducibility assurance procedures | Recommendations on reproducibility | Speech quality and conditions | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Technical set-up | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Reference systems | Human calibration

requirement profile

Introduction | System capability profile versus | System capability profile versus | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement

RESAM

Software tools | Addition of noise

resistant speaker

see speaker, resistant

response modality

Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of

response time

Response time\indexresponse time | Response time | Response time | Response time | Response time | Response time | Response time | Interaction with an information | Real-time aspects | Real-time aspects | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Functional adequacy and user | Functional adequacy and user | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Isolated word scoring | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Quantitative measures

reverberation

Microphone interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recording in a studio | 2. Unidirectional microphones | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | 4. Anechoic chamber | Recommendations on microphones | 1. Equalising headphones | Subject conditioning | Phase distortions | Simulation of environmental factors | Speech quality and conditions | Post-production parameters | Predicting field performance from

rhythm

Functions of prosody

ROC

see Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)

root

The IPO approach | Lexical databases and system | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

RSG10

Spoken Language standards and | Addition of noise

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

S

S0

Telephone interfaces

SAM

EAGLES organisational structure | Spoken Language standards and | Spoken Language standards and | Other EU projects | The EAGLES Spoken | Assessment of Spoken Language | The reference material | Background | The CRIL conventions | Prosodic labelling in the | Spoken language lexical databases | Pronunciation information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | 4. Various diffuse-field headphones | Description of recording conditions | Introduction | Diagnostic methods with a | Technical set-up | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Scoring the results | Basic statisticsANOVA | Why speech output assessment? | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Comparability across languages | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | From human to automated | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | Background | The ESPRIT SAM | The ESPRIT SAM

SAM-A

Reference systems | Reference systems

SAM SCORE

The ESPRIT SAM | Scoring the results | Basic statisticsANOVA

SAM Overall Quality Test

Test procedures | Judgment laboratory tests | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Overall Quality

SAM Prosodic Form Test

Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Form

SAM Prosodic Function Test

Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Function

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Functional laboratory tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Standard Segmental

SAMITPRO

Basic statisticsANOVA

SAMPA

Segmentation and labelling in | Citation-phonemic representation | A simple sign model | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Recommendations on lexical surface | A simple database type:

SAMPAC

Technical set-up

sampling

Sampling | Sampling

sampling frequency

Telephone interfaces | Speech recordingstorage, and | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Recording device | Data collection | Data collection | Data collection | Example

sampling interval

Sampling

sampling rate

Size differences between NL | Male / female speakers | Laryngography | Electropalatography | Electromagnetic articulography | Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recording device | Recording device | Sampling | Sampling | Recommendations on data collection | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Description of recording conditions | Modification of speech parameters | Modification of speech parameters | Addition of noise

scallability

Connectivity

scenario

Canned speech | System dimension configuration | Equipment | The communication chain | The communication chain | Artificial vs. natural environment | Subject conditioning | Subject conditioning | Role of statistical analysis | Statistical and experimental procedures | Simple hypothesis testing | Field tests | Comparing existing systems | The pre-experimental phase | The pre-experimental phase | Knowledge databases | Task complexity | Task complexity | Result corpus characterisation | Result corpus characterisation | Result corpus characterisation | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success

schwa

Read aloud isolated phonemes | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Pronunciation information | Recommendations on choice of

scoring

Recognition score | Connected or continuous word | Scoring procedures | Recommendations

isolated word

Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring

recognition score

Recognition score | Connected or continuous word

script language

Application generators | Application generators | Application generators

scripted speech

Speaking fluency

SCSA

see Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA) | see Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA)

SCSA Telephony Application Object

Application programming interfaces (APIs)

SDT

see signal detection theory (SDT)

search

Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Factorial experiments and corpus | Lexica for spoken language | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon architecture and the | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Goals of the chapter | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Computational complexity | Computational complexity | Language models and search | Recommendations: Language models and | Field tests

greedy

Speech corpora with few

single best sentence

Goals of the chapter | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single

word graph

see word graph

search errors

Sources of recognition errors | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single

second language acquisition

Second language acquisition | Second language acquisition

segmental complexity

Judgment tests of prosody | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Form | SAM Prosodic Form

segmental quality

Why speech output assessment? | Segmental reference conditions | Functions of segments | Segmental tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Introduction | From human to automated | From human to automated | Predicting functional behaviour from | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Prosodic quality testing | SAM Prosodic Function

segmental structure

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | The CRIL conventions | Functional tests of prosody

segmental test

Segmental reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Segmental tests | Recommendations on specific segmental | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing

at the sentence level

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

at the word level

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

segmentation

Lexicon generation | Training | About this chapter | Cost | Concerning the segmentation and | Segmentation and labelling in | List of recommendations | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Role of statistical analysis | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Assessing recognisers | Baseline performance | Baseline performance | Progress | Progress | Progress | Classification of recognition systems | Training material | Scoring method | Pre-processing | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Functions of prosody | Subject variables

automatic

Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Segmentation

in VERBMOBIL

Segmentation and labelling in

in VERBMOBIL

Segmentation and labelling in

manual

Manual segmentation | Manual segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation

morphological

Morphological decomposition

of word boundaries

Prosodic labelling in the

semi-automatic

Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation

segments, functions of

Functions of segments | Functions of segments

Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)

Subjects | Subjects | Test procedures | Comparability across languages | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Semantically Unpredictable

semi-automatic segmentation

see segmentation, semi-automatic

semi-spontaneous speech

Semi-spontaneous speech | Semi-spontaneous speech | Semi-spontaneous speech | The IPO approach

sensitivity profile

Transformation of speech databases

sentence error rate

Reference methods | see error rate, sentence

sentence model

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken

sentence syntax

Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information

sex

see speaker, sex of

sex identification

Speaker characteristics verification or | Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products

sheep

Speaker selection | Assessment parameters | Misclassification rates

shimmer

Anatomical (voice) descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors | 2. Miscellaneous descriptors

sibilation

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

sign model

A simple sign model | A simple sign model

Signal Computing Bus

Connectivity

Signal Computing System Architecture (SCSA)

Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Connectivity | Connectivity

signal contamination

Signal contamination | Signal contamination

signal detection theory (SDT)

Progress | Progress | Progress

signal level

Post-production parameters | Addition of noise

signal-to-noise ratio

Spoken Language resources | Microphone interfaces | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Signal-to-noise ratio\indexsignal-to-noise ratio | Signal-to-noise ratio | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Channel conditions | Recording in a studio | Recording on location | Recording on location | Recording on location | Monitoring and validation | Equipment | Microphone | Recording device | Quantisation and coding | Transducer characteristics | Studio | 3. Microphone preamplifier | Feedback compensation | Speech quality and conditions | Reference methods | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Post-production parameters | Post-production parameters | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Recommendations | Listener method | Overall quality reference conditions

simple hypothesis testing

Simple hypothesis testing\indexsimple hypothesis | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing

simple random sample

Sampling | Biases | Estimating sample meansproportions | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material

slips of the tongue

Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research

SLM

see Speech Level Meter

small room acoustics

Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics

smoothing

Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Language model smoothing: modelling | Conclusion | Multilevel smoothing for trigram | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Final note: the mathematics | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Recommendations on choice of | Recommendations on choice of

absolute discounting

see discounting, absolute

linear discounting

see dicounting, linear

linear interpolation

see linear interpolation

SNR

see signal-to-noise ratio

SOAP

see Speech Output Assessment Package (SOAP)

sociolect

Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors

sociolinguistics

Spoken Language corpus design | About this chapter | Sociolinguistic research | Sociolinguistic research | First language acquisition | Second language acquisition | Different types of speech | Spontaneous speech | Stable / transient speaker | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Introduction

sound level meter

Reference signals | Hardware devices

sound pressure level (SPL)

The dB scale | The dB scale | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | Phones and sones | 1. Dynamic microphones | 2. Unidirectional microphones | Small room acoustics | Small room acoustics | Feedback compensation | Reference signals | Overall quality reference conditions

soundproof booth

2. Soundproof booth | 2. Soundproof booth

SPAR sentences

Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material

SPARCstation

System platform

sparse data

Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Conclusion | Equivalence histories and word

speaker

Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker characteristics\indexspeaker | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Assessment parameters

age of

Spoken Language corpus design | Speaker dependency | Speaker characteristics verification or | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spoken language corpus | Sociolinguistic research | Stable / transient speaker | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Age | Age | Age | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Voice quality | Vocabulary and syntax | Vocabulary and syntax | Weight and height | Introduction | Legal aspects | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Applicationssystems and products | Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests

applicant

Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Misclassification rates | Verification | Verification | Verification | Verification | Verification | False rejection rates | False acceptance rates and | Expected benefit | Open-set identification

cooperative

Text-dependent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations

dependable

Misclassification rates | Comments | False rejection rates

discordant

Definitions

genuine

Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Confidence ranks | Verification | Verification | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Expected benefit | Recommendations

mistaken

Types of error | Definitions | Transformation of speech databases

non-registered

Speaker identification versus speaker

registered

Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Related tasks | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Example | Example | Example | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Closed-set identification | Closed-set identification | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Comments | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Comments | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Examples of speaker verification

resistant

Mistrust rates | Comments | False acceptance rates and | Example

sex of

Spoken Language corpus design | Speaker dependency | Speaker characteristics verification or | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spoken language corpus | Sociolinguistic research | Speech synthesis | Speaker characteristics | Stable / transient speaker | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Vocabulary and syntax | Introduction | Speaker database | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Non-parametric tests | Pre-production parameters | Assessment parameters | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Definitions | Speaker population size and | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Comments | Comments | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Comments | Comments | Applicationssystems and products | Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests

stable speaker characteristics

Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker

transient speaker characteristics

Stable / transient speaker | Stable / transient speaker

uncooperative

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Forensic applications

unreliable

Misclassification rates | Comments | False rejection rates | Example

violated

Types of error | Definitions | Example

vulnerable

Mistrust rates | Comments | False acceptance rates and | Example

weight/height of

Stable / transient speaker | Weight and height | Weight and height | Speaker database | Functions of voice characteristics

speaker adaptation

Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-adapted systems | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Classification of recognition systems | Wizard variables

speaker alignment

see alignment, speaker

speaker change detection

Related tasks | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Typology of applications

speaker characteristics

Fixed-vocabulary systems

speaker class identification

Speaker classification tasks | General definitions

speaker class verification

Speaker classification tasks | General definitions

speaker classification

Presentation | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Recommendations

speaker cluster selection

Speaker classification tasks | Related tasks

speaker dependency

Speech recognition systems | Speaker dependency | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Lexicon generation | Speaker verification errors | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Speech corpora with more | Lexica in selected spoken | Implications of the perplexity | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of large | Development test | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Example | False acceptance rates and | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Example | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Reference systems | Typology of applications | Examples of speaker verification | Specification and design

speaker dependent recognition task

Classification of recognition systems

speaker identification

Spoken Language systems | System design | Introduction | Speaker verification/identification | Adding / Removing speakers | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Audiology | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Recommendations | Comments | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Spectrographic method

closed-set

Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speaker population size and

open-set

Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Test impostor population | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations

vs. verification

Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker

speaker independent recognition task

Classification of recognition systems

speaker labelling

see labelling, speaker

speaker matching

Related tasks

speaker misclassification

Types of error | Types of error | Definitions | Closed-set identification | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Comments | Comments | Comments | Example | Comments | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations

speaker population

Comments

speaker recognition

Scope | Assessment of speaker verification | Introduction | Speech corpora for technological | Speaker recognition/verification | Psychological and physiological conditions | General remarks | General remarks | General remarks | Voice quality | Assessing speaker verification and | Employing expert judgments to | Presentation | Presentation | Speaker classification tasks | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Speech quality | Speech quality | Misclassification rates | Reference systems | Human calibration | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | System and product assessment | System assessment | Recommendations | Forensic applications | Listener method | Listener method | Listener method | Spectrographic method | Spectrographic method | Spectrographic method | Semi-automatic method | Semi-automatic method | Recommendations | Recommendations | Conclusions

speaker recognition system

Speaker recognition/verification | Channel conditions | Psychological and physiological conditions | A taxonomy of speaker | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Definitions | Influencing factors | Influencing factors | Temporal drift | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Reference systems | Human calibration | Transformation of speech databases

a taxonomy of ~ s

A taxonomy of speaker | Unrestricted text-independent systems

common-password

Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Text-dependent systems

event-dependent

Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Speech quantity and variety

fixed-vocabulary

Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

personal-password

Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Example

text-dependent

Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Recommendations | Example | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Examples of speaker verification | System assessment

text-independent

Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Example | Reference systems | Reference systems | System assessment

text-prompted

Speaker recognition/verification | Definitions | Reference systems | Reference systems | System assessment

unprompted

Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

unrestricted

Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

voice-prompted

Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

speaker recruitment

Management | Speaker recruitment | Recommendations | Cost

speaker scheduling

Professional vs. untrained speakers | Management | Speaker recruitment | Scheduling speakers | Recommendations | Cost

speaker selection

Speaker selection | Speaker selection | Typology of applications

speaker stress

Assessment of recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speaking rate | Visible recordings | Random recordings | Transducer characteristics | Parallel recordings | 4. Photoelectric PDIs | Speaker classification tasks | Temporal drift | User characterisation

speaker verification

Spoken Language systems | The EAGLES Spoken | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of speaker verification to Assessment of speaker verification | Introduction | Speaker verification/identification | Adding / Removing speakers | Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora for technological | Speaker recognition/verification | Psychological and physiological conditions | How to read this | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Populationssamples and other | Assessing speaker verification and | Sampling rare events in | Employing expert judgments to | Employing expert judgments to | Assessment of speaker verification | Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Types of error | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Text-dependent systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Threshold setting | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Human calibration | Applicationssystems and products | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Telecommunication (remote) applications | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | Examples of speaker verification | System assessment | System assessment | Product assessment | Forensic applications | Conclusions

text-dependent

Telecommunication (remote) applications | Examples of speaker verification

vs. identification

Speaker verification versus speaker | Speaker verification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker

speaking mode

Speech recognition systems

speaking rate

Speaking rate\indexspeaking rate | Speaking rate | Description of recording conditions | Modification of speech parameters | Representative databases | Specific calibrated databases | Specific calibrated databases | Pre-production parameters | Typology of applications | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Functions of prosody | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

speaking style

Spoken Language resources | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Size differences between NL | Different types of speech | Different types of speech | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Monitoring and validation | Prosodic labelling in the | The communication chain | Description of recording conditions

spectral analysis

Speaker characteristics | Male / female speakers | Recording on location | Software tools

spectral dynamics

Factorial experiments and corpus

spectral slope

Factorial experiments and corpus | Male / female speakers

spectral structure

Factorial experiments and corpus

speech activity

Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Example

speech impairment

Pre-production parameters | Pre-production parameters

speech input/output interfaces

Hardware aspects | Speech input/output interfaces | Speech input/output interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

speech level

Speech quality and conditions | Addition of noise | Conclusion: summary of test

Speech Level Meter

Addition of noise

Speech Output Assessment Package (SOAP)

The ESPRIT SAM | Test procedures | Judgment laboratory tests | Conclusion: summary of test | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Standard Segmental | SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | SAM Semantically Unpredictable | SAM Overall Quality

speech processing board

Hardware aspects | Speech processing boards | Speech processing boards | Speech processing boards | Speech input/output interfaces | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

speech quality

Male / female speakers | Feedback compensation | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Speech quality | Speech quality | Recommendations | Recommendations | Predicting field performance from

speech quantity

Speech quantity and variety | Speech quantity and variety | Speaker population size and | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations

speech recogniser

see speech recognition system

speech recognition

Spoken Language systems | The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | Introduction | Speech recognition systems | Response time | Error recovery strategy | Connectivity | Real-time aspects | Multi-lingual aspects | System dimension configuration | Audiology | Speech corpora for technological | Speech corpora for technological | Speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Spoken language systems | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Voice quality | Prosodic labelling in the | Types of application for | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology | Recommendations on grammatical information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Types of knowledge source | Corpora | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | System architecture for speech | Why does the trigram | Implications of the perplexity | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Finding the single | Recommendations: Language models and | The communication chain | Software tools | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Experimental selection of material | Progress | Experimental design | Interactive dialogue systems | Presentation | Interaction mode with the | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Product assessment | From human to automated | Scope | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Wizard variables | Correction rate

large vocabulary

Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Experimental design of large

small vocabulary

Search: Finding the single

speech recognition system

The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Spoken Language system design | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of recognition systems to Assessment of recognition systems | Introduction | Introduction | Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Branching factor (perplexity | Application vocabulary and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Channel adaptation/Environment adaptation | Speech recognition and application | Microphone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Telephone interfaces | Time out | Response time | Routing to an operator | Connectivity | Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles to Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Spoken language systems | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | General remarks | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Pathological speech | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Recording on location | Monitoring and validation | Monitoring and validation | A caveat | Use of segmented speech | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Orthographic transcription | Orthographic transcription of read | Physical transcription | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken to The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Statistical language models | Statistical language models | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Advice to the reader | Advice to the reader | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Formal definition | Formal definition | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | 2. Precision of articulation | 1. Laboratory room | Reproducibility assurance procedures | Signal contamination | How to read this | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Sampling | Biases | Experimental procedures | Experimental procedures | Experimental procedures | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Assessing recognisers | Functional adequacy and user | Experimental design | Assessing speaker verification and | Assessment of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Representative databases | Reference methods | Reference methods | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Training | Training | Training | Training | Addition of noise | Addition of noise | Scoring the results | Lexicon | Scoring method | Speaker classification tasks | Human calibration | Typology of applications | Examples of speaker verification | Comparing existing systems | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Subject variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Recommendations on prompt design | Background | Knowledge databases | Environment characterisation | Overall system characterisation | Glass box assessment

classification of ~ s

Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems

connected words

see connected words/speech

continuous speech

see continuous speech

isolated words

see isolated words

large vocabulary

Other EU projects | Assessment of recognition systems | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Speech corpora with about | List of recommendations | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Kinds of lexical unit | Bayes decision rule | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of large | Experimental design of large | Training material | Acoustic training | Language model | Development test | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection

medium vocabulary

Types of application for

small vocabulary

Classification of recognition systems | Scoring the results | Test material selection

speaker-dependent

Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Threshold setting

speaker-independent

Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Speech corpora with more | Lexica in selected spoken | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of large | Development test | Example | Threshold setting | Typology of applications

text-dependent

Text dependent approach | Text dependent approach

text-independent

Text independent approach | Text independent approach | Text independent approach

speech synthesis

Spoken Language systems | The ESPRIT SAM | The ESPRIT SAM | Scope | Scope | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | System design | Assessment of synthesis systems to Assessment of synthesis systems | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Speech synthesis | Multi-linguality | System dimension configuration | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora for technological | Speech synthesis | Speech synthesis | Spoken language systems | Spoken language systems | Different types of speech | Read aloud isolated words | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Speaker characteristics | Use of segmented speech | Physical transcription | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Types of application for | Types of application for | Types of application for | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on grammatical information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Quantisation and coding | Software tools | How to read this | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental design | Interactive dialogue systems | Interactive dialogue systems | Subject variables | Artificial test signals | Applicationssystems and products | Typology of applications | Typology of applications | Introduction | ITU-T Overall Quality Test | Scope | Comparing existing systems | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Specification and design | Subject variables | Subject variables | Wizard variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables | Overall system characterisation | Glass box assessment | Glass box assessment

speech variety

Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations

SPEECHDAT

Orthographic transcription | Orthographic transcription as the | Other EU projects | Non-linguistic and other phenomena

SPL

see sound pressure level

spoken language corpus

Standards and resources for | The EAGLES Spoken | The EAGLES Spoken | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus design | Spoken Language corpus representation | Language models | Physical characterisation and description | Assessment of recognition systems | Spoken language corpus | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | About this chapter | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Applications of spoken language | Psychological and physiological conditions | Corpus size in terms | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language and written | A simple sign model | Pragmatic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Design by observation

spoken language data

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus design | Spoken Language corpus representation

vs. written language data

Eight main differences between | The different nature of

spoken language dialogue

Assessment of interactive systems | Acquisition tools | Scope | Definitions | Multimodal dialogue systems including | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by observation | Design by simulation

spoken language identification

Speaker classification tasks | General definitions | Definitions

spoken language system

Spoken Language systems | Standards and resources for | The EAGLES Spoken | Scope | Spoken Language system design | Spoken Language system design | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Language models | Assessment methodologies and experimental | Acknowledgements | Introduction | Introduction | Speech corpora for technological | Spoken language systems | Spoken language systems | The Wizard of Oz | Wizard of Oz | Lexica for spoken language | Lexica for spoken language | Lexical information as properties | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken to Lexica in selected spoken | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | The lexicon in spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Sentence syntax information | Lexical semantic information | Lexical semantic information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Lexicon architecture and the | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Types of knowledge source | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook | Purpose | Design by intuition | The Wizard of Oz

small vocabulary

Lexica in selected spoken

spoken language verification

Speaker classification tasks | General definitions

spontaneous speech

Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus representation | Speaking fluency | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Correcting errors in the | Correcting errors in the | The different legal status | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | First language acquisition | Second language acquisition | General linguistic research | Spoken language systems | Different types of speech | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech\indexspontaneous speech | Spontaneous speech | Speech corpora with more | Male / female speakers | Final comments | Visible recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Interview recordings | Interview recordings | Read speech recordings | Speaker prompting | Legal aspects | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues | Levels and types of | Orthographic transcription | Reduced word forms | Orthographic transcription of read | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | Basic features of a | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Simple hypothesis testing | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Interaction mode with the | Definitions | Design by observation | Design by observation | Knowledge databases

transcription of

The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues

Sqale

Other EU projects | Experimental design of large | Dry run | Test material selection

stability

Signals and systems

standard communication protocols

Host-computer interfaces

standard deviation

Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating means | Simple hypothesis testing

standard error

Estimating means | Estimating means

standard switching compliance

Telephone interfaces

stem

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Recommendations on types of | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology

stem spotting

Applications of morphology

stochastic grammar

see grammar, stochastic

stochastic knowledge sources

Bayes decision rule

stochastic systems

vs. knowledge-based systems

Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems

stop

Factorial experiments and corpus | Narrow phonetic transcription | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | 2. Precision of articulation

stress

Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Read aloud isolated words | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with few | Speech corpora with few | Stable / transient speaker | Segmentation and labelling in | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Prosodic transcription | The MARSEC labelling | Lexica in selected spoken | Spoken language and written | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information | Idiomatic information | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | 2. Precision of articulation | Glass box vs. black | Global vs. analytic assessment | Recommendations on choice of | Comparability across languages | Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Field tests | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Word stress | Word stress | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Syntactic parsing | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Segmental tests at the | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | SAM Prosodic Form

on speaker

see speaker stress

structuralism

Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition

studio

Spoken Language corpus collection | Telephone interfaces | Data collection dimensions | Data collection dimensions | Data collection dimensions | Visible recordings | Visible recordings | Recording in a studio | Recording in a studio | Recommendations | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Recommendations | Monitoring and validation | Scheduling speakers | Recommendations | Recommendations | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | Transducer characteristics | 1. Dynamic microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | 2. Condenser microphones | 3. Recording studio | 3. Recording studio | 4. Anechoic chamber | Studio | 4. Wiring and transmission | On-site | Data collection | Recommendations on the recording | Recommendations on the recording | Artificial vs. natural environment | Auditory environment | Speech quality | Speech quality | Recommendations

stuttering

see pathological speech, stuttering

subject

age of

General (demographic) descriptors | User characterisation

sex of

General (demographic) descriptors | User characterisation

weight/height of

2. Miscellaneous descriptors

subject variables

see variables, subject

sublanguage

Lexica in selected spoken

substitution

Error measure presentation | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Speaker identification error | Canned speech | Pathological speech | Segmentation and labelling in | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | The performance measure as | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Scoring method | Scoring method | Scoring method | Correction rate

subword unit

Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Isolated word scoring

suffix

The IPO approach | Kinds of lexical unit | Types of morphological information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology

suprasegmental features

Read aloud isolated sentences | Types of approach to | Examples of the two

SUS

see Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)

sustention

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

Switchboard corpus

General remarks | Random recordings | Introduction | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues | Prosodic transcription | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations

syllable

Spoken Language resources | Different production times for | Size differences between NL | Factorial experiments and corpus | Speech corpora with few | Reduced word forms | Reduced word forms | Orthographic transcription of read | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | List of recommendations | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | Kinds of lexical unit | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Types of morphological information | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | Applications of morphology | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Bayes decision rule | 2. Precision of articulation | Description of recording conditions | Word stress | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing

orthographic

Applications of morphology

stressed

The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Word stress | Word stress | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Functions of prosody | Judgment tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing

unstressed

Speech corpora with few | 2. Precision of articulation | Functions of segments | Functions of segments | Segmental tests at the | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing | Segmental quality testing

syllable boundary

Speech corpora with few | Applications of morphology

syllable duration

see duration, syllable

syllable monitoring

see monitoring, syllable

syllable structure

Lexica in selected spoken | Spoken language and written | Applications of morphology | Comparability across languages | Word stress | Segmental tests at the | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID) | SAM Prosodic Form

synonymy

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical

syntagmatic distribution

Sentence syntax information

syntagmatic relation

Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information

syntax

Speech recognition systems | Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech modelling and syntactic | Spontaneous speech about a | Spontaneous speech about a | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Male / female speakers | Vocabulary and syntax\indexsyntax\indexvocabulary | Vocabulary and syntax | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Visibility: open vs. secret | Recording on location | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Orthographic transcription of read | Morphologicalsyntactic\indexsyntax, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Types of approach to | Types of approach to | A simple sign model | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Bayes decision rule | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Improving existing systems | Wizard variables

dialogue

Sentence syntax information

finite state

Language modelling

phrasal

Sentence syntax information

sentence

Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information | Sentence syntax information

word

Applications of morphology | Sentence syntax information

system capacity

System dimension configuration

system expertise

Subject variables

system lexicon

Lexical information as properties | Recommendations on resources | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction

system model

Knowledge databases

system simulation

System design | Assessment of interactive systems | System simulation and prototyping | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

system-in-the-loop

The Wizard of Oz | Design by observation | Design by observation

[ Sp | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z ]

T

T2 (Europe)

Telephone interfaces

talker descriptors

Talker descriptors | Audiometric descriptors

talking style

Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Pre-production parameters

TAPI

Application programming interfaces (APIs) | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration

task completion rate

Quantitative measures

task model

Sophisticated dialogue manager | Menu dialogue systems | Knowledge databases

task-oriented dialogue

Definitions | Definitions

task-oriented speech act

Design by intuition

TEI

see Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)

template

phone

Lexica in selected spoken

spectral

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken

tempo

Functions of prosody

temporal drift

Temporal drift | Temporal drift | Recommendations

terminal emulator

Technical set-up

test corpus

Audiology | Corpora for speech recognition | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Goals of the chapter | Recommendations on design methodology

test data

Spontaneous speech about a | Formal definition | Cache | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Role of statistical analysis | Populationssamples and other | Experimental procedures | Baseline performance | False acceptance rates and | Threshold setting | Reference systems | Design by observation

test database

Speaker selection | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Representative databases | Reference methods | Specific calibrated databases

test material

Spoken language corpus | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Read aloud isolated sentences | Read aloud isolated sentences | Introduction | Recommendations | Implications of the perplexity | Experimental selection of material | Application oriented | Representative databases | Linguistic parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Training | Training | Experimental design of large | Development test | Dry run | Test material selection | Test material selection | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Temporal drift | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Product assessment

test mode

A taxonomy of speaker | A taxonomy of speaker | A taxonomy of speaker | Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations | Recommendations

test phase

Cost | Cost | A taxonomy of speaker | Definitions | Definitions | Speech quantity and variety

test procedures

Human vs. automated | Methodology | Test procedures | Test procedures | Recommendations on choice of | Linguistic aspects | Morphological decomposition | Sentence accent | Segmental quality testing | Voice characteristics testing | Voice characteristics testing

test session

Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Temporal drift | Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations

test set

Read aloud isolated sentences | Formal definition | Implications of the perplexity | Experimental results | Experimental results | Baseline performance | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Assessment parameters | Registered speaker population | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Comments | Comments | Comments | Comments | Comments | False rejection rates | False rejection rates | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | False acceptance rates and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Comments | Example | Example | Threshold setting | System operating characteristic | System operating characteristic | System characteristic modelling | System characteristic modelling | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations

test set perplexity

Formal definition

test utterance

Representative databases | Addition of noise | Levels of text dependence | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Temporal drift | Example | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Registered speaker population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Test impostor population | Closed-set identification | Closed-set identification | Closed-set identification | Misclassification rates | Misclassification rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Mistrust rates | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Confidence ranks | Comments | Verification | False acceptance rates and | Threshold setting | Threshold setting | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Open-set identification | Recommendations | Recommendations

test vocabulary

Vocabulary | Reference methods | Diagnostic methods with a

testing

Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language systems | Standards and resources for | Assessment of recognition systems | Assessment of recognition systems | Assessment of synthesis systems | Assessment of synthesis systems | Phonetic research | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Psychological and physiological conditions | Psychological and physiological conditions | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with more | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Recording on location | Use of segmented speech | Orthographic information | Recommendations: Language models and | 1. Laboratory room | Reproducibility assurance procedures | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Experimental selection of material | Baseline performance | Wizard of Oz (WOZ) | Vocabulary | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Test procedure | Automatic gain control | A taxonomy of speaker | Temporal drift | Speech quantity and variety | Speaker purpose and other | Recommendations | Reference systems | Human calibration | Improving existing systems | Design by simulation | Recommendations on design methodology | Background | The environment in which

automated

see automated testing/assessment

black box

see black box

comparative

see comparative testing

diagnostic

see diagnostic approach

field

see field testing

functional

see functional testing

glass box

see glass box

judgment

see judgment testing

laboratory

see laboratory testing

speech output

Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Users of this chapter | Recommendations on choice of | Linguistic vs. acoustic | Judgment vs. functional testing | Methodology | Comparability across languages | Functional laboratory tests | Linguistic aspects | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Further developments in speech to Overall quality testing

testing phase

Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Speech corpora with more

testing session

Recogniser specific parameters | Training

tests

SAM Overall Quality Test

Test procedures

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Functional laboratory tests

SAM Overall Quality Test

Judgment laboratory tests

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Segmental tests at the

SAM Prosodic Form Test

Judgment tests of prosody

SAM Prosodic Function Test

Judgment tests of prosody

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Relationships among tests

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Relationships among tests

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Relationships among tests

SAM Standard Segmental Test

Conclusion: summary of test

SAM Overall Quality Test

Conclusion: summary of test

SAM Standard Segmental Test

SAM Standard Segmental

SAM Prosodic Form Test

SAM Prosodic Form

SAM Prosodic Function Test

SAM Prosodic Function

SAM Overall Quality Test

SAM Overall Quality

Bellcore Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | The Bellcore Test

CLuster IDentification (CLID) Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | Conclusion: summary of test | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)

Diagnostic Pairs Sentence Intelligibility Evaluation Test (DPSIE)

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

Diagnostic methods with a | Test procedures | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental quality testing | Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

Diphone Test

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Harvard Psychoacoustic Sentences

Haskins Syntactic Sentences

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Haskins Syntactic Sentences

independent t test

Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests

ITU-T Overall Quality Test

Judgment laboratory tests | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Voice characteristics tests | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

Mann-Whitney U test

Non-parametric tests

McNemar test

Non-parametric tests | Scoring the results

Minimal Pairs Intelligibility Test (MPI)

Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the

Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

Test procedures | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Segmental quality testing | Modified Rhyme Test (MRT)

related t test

Non-parametric tests | Non-parametric tests

Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS)

Subjects | Subjects | Test procedures | Comparability across languages | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Recommendations on specific segmental | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Relationships among tests | Predicting field performance from | Segmental quality testing | Conclusion: summary of test | SAM Semantically Unpredictable

Wilcoxon Sign test

Non-parametric tests

Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)

The transcription of read | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena

text preprocessor

Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Pre-processing | Linguistic testing: Creating test

text-dependent speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, text-dependent

text-independent speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, text-independent

text-prompted speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, text-prompted

text-to-speech (TTS)

Spoken Language systems | Speech synthesis | Text-to-speech synthesis | Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Quality measures | Speech processing boards | Connectivity | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Speech corpora with few | Professional vs. untrained speakers | Professional vs. untrained speakers | Use of segmented speech | Segmentation and labelling in | Types of application for | Spoken language and written | Kinds of lexical unit | Lexical semantic information | A simple database type: | Types of knowledge source | Lexicon | What are speech output | What are speech output | What are speech output | Towards a taxonomy of | Glass box vs. black | Linguistic vs. acoustic | Judgment vs. functional testing | Test procedures | Test procedures | Test procedures | Benchmarks | Overall quality reference conditions | Overall quality reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Functional laboratory tests | Field tests | Field tests | Linguistic aspects | Morphological decomposition | Morphological decomposition | Syntactic parsing | Sentence accent | Segmental tests | Judgment tests of prosody | Functions of voice characteristics | Linguistic testing: Creating test | SAM Prosodic Function | Contextual appropriateness

time slot

Connectivity | Connectivity

time-frequency warping

Overall quality reference conditions | Recommendations on choice of | Comparability across languages

timing and control signal management

Telephone interfaces

tip and ring wires

Telephone interfaces

ToBI

Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | Examples of the two | The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | The MARSEC labelling | The IPO approach | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | List of recommendations | Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Recommendations on lexical surface

tone

Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | The ToBI labelling system | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | 3. Average level and | Functions of prosody

tone signalling

Menu dialogue systems

total word error rate

Connected or continuous word

touch tone

Telephone interfaces | Definitions | Definitions

training

Assessment of recognition systems | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Corpora for speech recognition | Speaker recognition/verification | Read aloud isolated sentences | Speech corpora with more | Speaker characteristics | Speaker characteristics | Recording on location | A caveat | Use of segmented speech | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Orthographic transcription | Prosodic labelling in the | Lexical databases and system | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | Stochastic language modelling | Conclusion | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Grammar based language models | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Experimental selection of material | Segmentation | Baseline performance | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Recognition score | Representative databases | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Technical set-up | Technical set-up | Training | Training | Test procedure | Test procedure | Addition of noise | Experimental design of large | A taxonomy of speaker | A taxonomy of speaker | Temporal drift | Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Confidence ranks | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Typology of applications | Subjects | Design by observation | Design by observation | Task type

air-traffic control

Comparing existing systems | Task type

embedded

Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems

of subjects

Subjects | Test procedures | Segmental tests | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Segmental tests at the | Judgment tests of prosody | Voice characteristics tests

of wizard

Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | The pre-experimental phase

training corpus

Corpora for speech recognition | Speaker recognition/verification | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Problem formulation | The full trigram model | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results

training data

Spontaneous speech about a | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Stochastic language modelling | Formal definition | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Conclusion | The full trigram model | Cache | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Grammar based language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Sampling | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Assessing recognisers | Baseline performance | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Threshold setting | Reference systems | Reference systems | Reference systems | Design by observation | Design by observation

training material

Speech recognition systems | Speech training material | Speech training material | Training | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Monitoring and validation | Experimental selection of material | Application oriented | Training | Training | Training | Training | Experimental design of large | Training material | Language model | Development test | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Unrestricted text-independent systems | Temporal drift | Temporal drift | Recommendations | Recommendations | Example | Example | Threshold setting | Product assessment

training method

Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters

training mode

A taxonomy of speaker | Speech quantity and variety

training passes

Classification of recognition systems

training phase

Speech recognition systems | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speech training material | Speech training material | Speech data collection | Lexicon generation | Microphone interfaces | Training | Training | Training | Text dependent approach | Corpora for speech recognition | Corpora for speech recognition | Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Speech corpora with more | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | A taxonomy of speaker | Temporal drift | Speech quantity and variety | Multimodal dialogue systems including

training session

Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Recogniser specific parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Training | Training | Temporal drift | Speech quantity and variety | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | Recommendations | ITU-T Overall Quality Test

training set

Problem formulation | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Baseline performance | Baseline performance

training text

Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Unrestricted text-independent systems

training time

Assessment parameters | Acoustic training

transaction logfiles

Statistical tools

transaction success

Assessment of interactive systems | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success

transaction success rate

Introduction | Quantitative measures | A core set of

transcription

Spoken Language systems | Spoken Language resources | Spoken Language corpus representation | Spoken Language corpus representation | Extension of language base | Coordination with other bodies | Speaker dependency | Lexicon generation | Training | Linguistic part | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | First language acquisition | General linguistic research | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Introduction | Monitoring and validation | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Background | The CRIL conventions | Manual segmentation | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Orthographic transcription | Dialect forms | Orthographic transcription as the | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | A simple sign model | Stem and morph lexica | Orthographic information | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Prosodic information | Lexicon architecture and the | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Bayes decision rule | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Progress | Classification of recognition systems | Recognition score | Connected or continuous word | Acoustic training | Lexicon | Test procedures | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Word stress | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Wizard variables | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology

acoustic-phonetic

Levels and types of | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription

broad phonetic

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Levels and types of | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic

levels of

Levels and types of | Levels and types of

morphophonemic

A simple sign model

narrow

The CRIL conventions

narrow phonetic

Orthographic identity and phonetic | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Levels and types of | The CRIL conventions | Narrow phonetic transcription | Narrow phonetic transcription

of dialogues

Transcription of dialogues | Transcription of dialogues

of read speech

The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues

of spontaneous speech

Introduction | The transcription of read | The transcription of read | Transcription of dialogues

orthographic

Training | Spoken language corpus | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | The transcription of read | Levels and types of | Levels and types of | Automatic and semi-automatic segmentation | Orthographic transcription | Orthographic transcription\indextranscription!orthographic of read | Orthographic transcription of read | Orthographic transcription as the | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Prosodic transcription | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Lexica in selected spoken | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | Acquisition tools | Acquisition tools | Classification of recognition systems | Acoustic training

phonemic

Spoken language corpus | Introduction | Monitoring and validation | Introduction | Segmentation and labelling in | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written | The lexicon in spoken | A simple sign model | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Lexicon architecture and the | A simple database type: | Grapheme-phoneme conversion | Word stress | Linguistic testing: Creating test

phonetic

Speaker dependency | Lexicon generation | Linguistic part | Spoken language corpus | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | Introduction | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | A simple sign model | Pronunciation information | Bayes decision rule

phonological

Orthographic information | Pronunciation information

phonotypic

Levels and types of | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Pronunciation information

physical

Levels and types of | Physical transcription | Physical transcription

prosodic

Spoken Language corpus representation | Levels and types of | Background | Prosodic transcription | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | List of recommendations | List of recommendations

types of

Levels and types of | Levels and types of

transduced signals

Spoken language corpus | Introduction

transducer

The communication chain | Transducer characteristics | Recommendations on parallel recordings | Description of recording conditions | Reference channels | Reference channels | Recommendations on reproducibility | Recommendations on reproducibility

transducer characteristics

Microphone interfaces

transliteration

Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Monitoring and validation | Monitoring and validation | Monitoring and validation | Cost | Cost | Introduction | The lexicon in spoken

transmission factor

Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions | Amplitude distortions

trash model

Rejection mode | Rejection mode

treatment level

Analysis of Variance | Analysis of Variance

trie

Statistical language models | Lexicon structure

trigram

Language modelling | Knowledge-based vs. stochastic systems | Lexical databases and system | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Why does the trigram | Why does the trigram | Why does the trigram | Why does the trigram | Implications of the perplexity | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Multilevel smoothing for trigram | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Search: Word graphs | Language model | Language model | Language model

phone

Stochastic language modelling

triphone

Phonetic part | Read aloud isolated sentences | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Training material | Acoustic training

TSAPI

Application programming interfaces (APIs) | Computer telephony integration | Computer telephony integration

turn

Spoken language systems | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Microphone | The transcription of read | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | Dialogue metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Psycholinguistic metrics | Acoustic-based measures | Scope | Definitions | Definitions | Definitions | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Design by intuition | Recommendations on prompt design | Background | Knowledge databases | Dialogue strategies | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Correction rate | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Transaction success | Recommendations on evaluation methodology

turn duration

A core set of | Turn duration | Turn duration | Transaction success

tying

Pooling of parameters | Pooling of parameters | Pooling of parameters | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Linear interpolation

type hierarchy

Lexicon models and lexical

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U

ultradirectional microphone

see microphone, ultradirectional

ultrasound imaging

Ultrasound imaging | Procedures

uncooperative speaker

see speaker, uncooperative

unidirectional microphone

see microphone, unidirectional

unigram

Language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | Problem formulation | The full trigram model | The full trigram model | Cache | Cache | Cache | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Assessment parameters | Language model

uniqueness point

Spoken language lexical databases

unprompted speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, unprompted

unreliable speaker

see speaker, unreliable

unrestricted speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, unrestricted

unseen events

Stochastic language modelling | Language model smoothing: modelling | Conclusion | Problem formulation

untraining

A taxonomy of speaker

untraining mode

A taxonomy of speaker

user expectations

System capability profile versus

user model

Knowledge databases

user profile

Sophisticated dialogue manager

user-belief module

Sophisticated dialogue manager

usurpation

Speaker purpose and other

usurper

Definitions

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V

variable

Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other

dependent

Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Employing expert judgments to

independent

Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Populationssamples and other | Analysis of Variance

variables

communication channel

Communication channel variables | Communication channel variables

dialogue model

Wizard variables

in spoken WOZ experiments

Variables in spoken WOZ | Communication channel variables

subject

Subject variables\indexvariables!subject | Subject variables | Subject variables | Subject variables

knowledge variables

Subject variables

production variables

Subject variables

recognition variables

Subject variables

Wizard

Wizard variables\indexvariables!Wizard | Wizard variables | Wizard variables | Wizard variables

production variables

Wizard variables

recognition variables

Wizard variables

VERBMOBIL

Spontaneous dialogue recordings | Monitoring and validation | Introduction | Transcription of dialogues | Background | The CRIL conventions | Manual segmentation | Reduced word forms | Dialect forms | Numbers | Abbreviations and spelled words | Prosodic labelling in the | Types of application for | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Prosodic information | A simple database type: | A simple database type: | More complex lexical databases | Task type | Segmentation and labelling in | Segmentation and labelling in | Other EU projects | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the

verification

see spoken language verification

vernacular

Speech corpora for research | Spontaneous speech

violated speaker

see speaker, violated

violation

Speaker purpose and other | Speaker purpose and other

visual environment

see environment, visual

VME-based system

System platform | Examples of speaker verification

vocabulary

Speech recognition systems | Speech recognition systems | Vocabulary aspects | Field speech data | Branching factor (perplexity | Branching factor (perplexity | Branching factor (perplexity | Rejection mode | Application vocabulary and confusion | Task/Application adaptation | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Spontaneous speech about a | Male / female speakers | Vocabulary and syntax\indexsyntax\indexvocabulary | Vocabulary and syntax | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Geographical and sociolinguistic factors | Visibility: open vs. secret | Clandestine microphone recordings | Recording on location | Read speech recordings | Monitoring and validation | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | Applications of morphology | Pragmatic information | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Types of language models | Formal definition | Formal definition | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Implications of the perplexity | Recommendations | Recommendations | Computational complexity | Cache | Experimental results | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs | Subject variables | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Capability profile versus requirement | Assessment purpose versus methodology | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Confusions | Vocabulary | Vocabulary | Representative databases | Linguistic parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Training material | Test material selection | Examples of speaker verification | Laboratory vs. field | Functional laboratory tests | Improving existing systems | Improving existing systems | Interactive complexity of dialogue | Design by observation | Design by observation | Subject variables | see alsolexicon

application

Lexicon generation | Rejection mode | Rejection mode | Application vocabulary\indexvocabulary!application and confusion | Application vocabulary and confusion | Recommendation: Requirement profiles

closed

Fully inflected form lexica | Implications of the perplexity

fixed

Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Levels of text dependence | Definitions | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Fixed-vocabulary systems | Unrestricted text-independent systems

flexible

Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation

large

Other EU projects | Assessment of recognition systems | Orthographic identity and phonetic | Speech corpora with about | List of recommendations | Types of application for | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Kinds of lexical unit | Fully inflected form lexica | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on morphology | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Bayes decision rule | Bayes decision rule | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Sources of recognition errors | Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Recommendations: Language models and | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Capability profile versus requirement | Representative databases | Assessment parameters | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Experimental design of large | Acoustic training | Language model | Development test | Test material selection | Test material selection | Test material selection

medium size

Stem and morph lexica | Classification of recognition systems

open

SAM Standard Segmental | CLuster IDentification Test (CLID)

size of

Speech recognition systems | Isolated words vs. continuous | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | Orthographic information | Pronunciation information | Applications of morphology | Recommendations on semantic information | Stochastic language modelling | Recommendations | Problem formulation | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Linguistic parameters | Assessment parameters | Language model | Designing new systems | see alsolexicon size

small

Assessment of recognition systems | Lexicon size | Lexica in selected spoken | Fully inflected form lexica | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Classification of recognition systems | Diagnostic methods with a | Diagnostic methods with a | Experimental design of small | Confusion matrices | Training material | Recommendations on design methodology

structure of

Lexical databases and system

unlimited

Applications of morphology | Extensions of the perplexity | Classification of recognition systems | Assessment parameters

wizard

Subject variables

vocabulary coverage

Implications of the perplexity | Linear discounting and backing-off

Vocal Profile Analysis Protocol

Voice characteristics tests

voice characteristics

Speaker recognition/verification | Speaker recognition/verification | Description of recording conditions | Typology of applications | On-site (local) applications | On-site (local) applications | On-site (local) applications | Recommendations | What are speech output | Voice characteristics reference conditions | Voice characteristics reference conditions | Functional laboratory tests | Acoustic aspects | Acoustic aspects | Voice characteristics | Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics testing | Voice characteristics testing

functions of

Functions of voice characteristics | Functions of voice characteristics

voice characteristics tests

Voice characteristics tests | Voice characteristics tests

voice masking

Speaker purpose and other | Transformation of speech databases

voice personality

Functions of voice characteristics

voice stop

Telephone interfaces | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation) | Cut-through versus voice-stop (anticipation)

voice training

Spoken Language corpus design | Professional vs. untrained speakers | 2. Voice / speech | Experimental selection of material

voice-prompted speaker recognition system

see speaker recognition system, voice-prompted

voicing

Factorial experiments and corpus | Pathological speech | Introduction | Introduction | Manual segmentation | Narrow phonetic transcription | Narrow phonetic transcription | Narrow phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | Segmentation | Text-dependent systems | Subjects | Subjects | Recommendations on choice of | Diagnostic Rhyme Test (DRT)

vulnerability

Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and | Relative unreliabilityvulnerability and

vulnerable speaker

see speaker, vulnerable

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W

Wall Street Journal

Corpora for speech recognition | Read aloud text fragments | Goals of the chapter | Experimental results | Experimental results | Classification of recognition systems | Acoustic training | Acoustic training | Language model | Test material selection

waveform coding

Sampling

weight

see speaker, weight/height of

white noise

Periodic and aperiodic motion | 1. Equalising headphones | Amplitude distortions | Reference signals | Overall quality reference conditions

whole word model

Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation

Wilcoxon Sign test

Non-parametric tests

within groups variance

Analysis of Variance

Wizard of Oz (WOZ)

Spoken Language resources | Assessment of interactive systems | System simulation and prototyping | Spontaneous speech about a | The Wizard of Oz | The Wizard of Oz | Wizard of Oz | Recommendations | Legal aspects | Interactive dialogue systems | Wizard of Oz (WOZ) | Multimodal | Product assessment | Definitions | Design by simulation | WOZ conclusions

Wizard variables

see variables, Wizard

wolf

False acceptance rates and

word

graphemic

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken

morphological

Kinds of lexical unit | Kinds of lexical unit

orthographic

The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system | The MARSEC labelling | Kinds of lexical unit | Morphological decomposition

phonetic

Lexica in selected spoken

phonological

Types of approach to | Kinds of lexical unit

prosodic

Kinds of lexical unit

syntactic

Kinds of lexical unit

word boundary

Printable ASCII-strings and continuously | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Prosodic labelling in the | Pronunciation information | Search: Finding the single | Search: Finding the single | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Classification of recognition systems | Training material

word classes

The lexicon in spoken | Sentence syntax information | Goals of the chapter | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Recommendations: Refined language models | Design by intuition

word clusters

Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word | Equivalence histories and word

word error rate

Reference methods | see error rate, word

word formation

Applications of morphology

word graph

The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Search: Word graphs | Search: Word graphs | Recommendations: Language models and | Recommendations: Language models and | Recommendations: Language models and

word label

Speech recognition and application

word lattice

The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Orthographic information | Recommendations on lexical surface | Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Search: Word graphs

word model

Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken | Pronunciation information | Pronunciation information | Statistical language models | Bayes decision rule | Search: Word graphs | Classification of recognition systems | Recogniser specific parameters

stochastic

Lexical information as properties | Lexical databases and system | Lexicon architecture and the

word recognition

Assessment of Spoken Language | Isolated words vs. continuous | Isolated words vs. continuous | Lexical information as properties | Lexica in selected spoken | Lexical databases and system | Applications of morphology | Bayes decision rule | Search: Finding the single | Classification of recognition systems | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Isolated word scoring | Connected or continuous word | Connected or continuous word | Confusions | Assessment parameters | Experimental design of small | Confusion matrices | Experimental design of large | Training material | Scoring method | Functions of segments | Functions of prosody | Functions of prosody | Functional tests of prosody | Segmental quality testing | Background

word spotting

Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech modelling and syntactic | Speech recognition and application | Isolated words vs. continuous | Types of application for | Isolated word scoring | Diagnostic methods with a | Menu dialogue systems | Knowledge databases

Write Once Read Many (WORM)

Recording device | Recording device | Recording device

written language data

vs. spoken language data

Eight main differences between | The different nature of

WSJ

see Wall Street Journal

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X

X-ray microbeam

X-ray microbeam | X-ray microbeam

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Y

Y

No terms under Y.

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Z

z score

Estimating means | Estimating means | Estimating proportions | Estimating proportions | Estimating proportions

zerogram

Stochastic language modelling | Problem formulation | Problem formulation

ZIP-codes

Semi-spontaneous speech

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