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Index L

labelling
Spoken Language corpus representation | Speaker dependency | Speaker-adapted systems | Speech training material | Speech data collection | Speech data collection | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Lexicon generation | Field speech data | Speech recognition and application | Training | Phonetic part | Phonetic part | Spoken language corpus | About this chapter | Introduction | Cost | Introduction | Introduction | Concerning the segmentation and | Segmentation and labelling in | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Morphologicalsyntactic, semantic and | Citation-phonemic representation | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | Narrow phonetic transcription | Acoustic-phonetic transcription | Physical transcription | The ToBI labelling system | The IPO approach | Prosodic labelling in the | Provisional recommendations for prosodic | Non-linguistic and other phenomena | List of recommendations | List of recommendations | The notion of ``lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | Corpora | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs) | Modification of speech parameters | How to read this | Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis | Non-parametric tests | Experimental procedures | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Segmentation | Classification | Classification | Progress | Experimental design | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Speaker identification versus speaker | Related tasks | Pre-processing | Word stress | Background
in VERBMOBIL
Segmentation and labelling in
in VERBMOBIL
Segmentation and labelling in
in MARSEC
The MARSEC labelling
in MARSEC
The MARSEC labelling
in ToBI
The ToBI labelling system | The ToBI labelling system
prosodic
Types of approach to | Types of approach to | Examples of the two | Provisional recommendations for prosodic
in VERBMOBIL
Prosodic labelling in the
in VERBMOBIL
Prosodic labelling in the
speaker
Related tasks | Typology of applications
laboratory
Spoken Language systems | Spoken language corpus | Speaker-independent vs. speaker-dependent systems | Speech corpora with about | Speech corpora with more | Introduction | Microphone | Recording device | Microphones | 1. Laboratory room | 1. Laboratory room | Recommendations | Recommendations | Design by observation
laboratory prototype
see prototype
laboratory speech
Correcting errors in the
laboratory testing
Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of Spoken Language | Assessment of synthesis systems | Application vocabulary and confusion | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Specifications for speech corpora | Specifications for speech corpora | Speaker purpose and other | Laboratory testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | Preliminary remarks | Field tests | Field tests | Field tests | Relationships among tests | Introduction | Introduction | Predicting field performance from | Predicting field performance from | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | Recommendations on design methodology | The environment in which | The environment in which
vs. field testing
Laboratory vs. field | Recommendations on choice of
lamb
Mistrust rates
Language Engineering Standards (LES)
Role of statistical analysis | Role of statistical analysis
language identification
Speaker classification tasks | Applicationssystems and products
language model
Speech recognition systems | Language modelling | Language modelling | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Basic features of a | The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken | Applications of morphology | Language models | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Classification of recognition systems | Training material | Language model | Language model | Language model | Design by observation | Design by observation | Design by observation | Recommendations on design methodology | Knowledge databases | Overall system characterisation
m-gram
see m-gram model
bigram
see bigram
finite state
Types of language models | Grammar based language models
grammar based
Goals of the chapter | Goals of the chapter | Types of language models | Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models
probabilistic
Classification of recognition systems | Language model
statistical
Statistical language models | Acquisition tools
stochastic
Lexical information as properties | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Sentence syntax information | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Goals of the chapter | Stochastic language modelling | Stochastic language modelling | Formal definition | Conclusion
trigram
see trigram
types of
Types of language models | Types of language models
unigram
see unigram
language model constraints
see constraints, language model
language model robustness
Grammar based language models | Grammar based language models
laryngograph
1. Laryngeal descriptors | 2. Electrical PDIs | Recommendations on parallel recordings
laryngograph recording
Multi-channel recording | Laryngography | Laryngography
laryngograph signal
Spoken language corpus | Introduction | Multi-channel recording | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | 1. Laryngeal descriptors | Pitch Determination Instruments (PDIs)
laryngography
Spoken Language corpus collection
lattice of lexicon entries
Speech recognition and application
leaving-one-out
Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear discounting and backing-off | Absolute discounting and backing-off | Conclusion | The full trigram model | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Experimental results | Linear discounting and backing-off | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Absolute discounting and backing-off
lemma
A simple sign model | Kinds of lexical unit | Stem and morph lexica | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information
lemmatisation
Spoken language lexical databases
LES
see Language Engineering Standards (LES)
lexical access
Lexical information as properties
lexical database
Revision and completion of | Lexical information as properties | Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Recommendations on resources | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Lexical databases and system | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Recommendations on defining spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica | The notion of ``lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on lexical surface | Recommendations on morphology | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and the | More complex lexical databases | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Word stress | Morphological decomposition
lexical information model
Lexicon models and lexical
lexical noise
Lexical databases and system
lexical unit
Orthographic identity and phonetic | Lexical units | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical properties and lexical | Lexical semantic information
lexicalised grammar
see grammar, lexicalised
lexicon
BRULEX psycholinguistic
Spoken language lexical databases
bilingual
Second language acquisition
declarative
The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical | Lexical knowledge acquisition for
EVAR
Lexica in selected spoken | Lexica in selected spoken
exceptions
Pre-processing
fully inflected form
Fully inflected form lexica | Fully inflected form lexica
hierarchical
A simple sign model
in SL recognition systems
The lexicon in spoken | The lexicon in spoken
mental
Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research | Psycholinguistic research
morph
Fully inflected form lexica | Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica
morpheme
Morphological decomposition
procedural
The notion of ``lexical | The notion of ``lexical
pronunciation
Sources of recognition errors | Search: Finding the single
prosodic
Prosodic information | Prosodic information | Prosodic information
spoken language
Spoken language lexica | Lexical information as properties | What is a spoken | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Basic features of a | Spoken language and written | Basic lexicographic coverage criteria | A simple sign model | The notion of ``lexical | Orthographic information | Lexicon structure | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Lexicon architecture and lexical | Lexicon architecture and lexical | A simple database type: | Recommendations on lexicon structure | Lexical knowledge acquisition for | Acquisition tools | Outlook | Outlook | Outlook
spoken language vs. written language
Spoken language and written | Spoken language and written
stem
Stem and morph lexica | Stem and morph lexica
lexicon architecture
Lexical information as properties | Spoken language lexical databases | Recommendations on resources | The lexicon in spoken | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon structure | Lexicon architecture and lexical
lexicon construction
About this chapter | Acquisition tools | Recommendations on lexicon construction | Recommendations on lexicon construction
lexicon model
Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Recommendations on types of | Spoken language lexicon formalisms | Stages in lexical knowledge | Recommendations on lexicon construction
lexicon size
Lexicon size | Lexicon size | Recommendation: Requirement profiles | Fully inflected form lexica | Pronunciation information
lexicon structure
Lexicon structure | Recommendations on lexicon structure
lexicon theory
Lexicon models and lexical | Lexicon models and lexical
lexicon-entry identifier
Speech recognition and application
liaison
Canned speech | Broad phonetic or phonotypic | A simple database type: | A simple database type:
Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) systems
Signals and systems | Signals and systems | Signals and systems
linear distortion
see distortion, linear
linear interpolation
Goals of the chapter | Problem formulation | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation | Cache | Experimental results | Recommendations: m-gram language models | Recommendations: Refined language models | Linear interpolation | Linear interpolation
linguistic interface
What are speech output | Linguistic aspects | Pre-processing | Sentence accent | Introduction | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test
vs. acoustic interface
Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic vs. acoustic
linguistic module
Speech recognition and application | Text-to-speech synthesis | Linguistic part | Linguistic part | Phonetic part | Linguistic vs. acoustic | Linguistic aspects | Linguistic testing: Creating test | Linguistic testing: Creating test
lingware
Lexicon architecture and lexical | Recommendations on lexicon construction
link grammar
see grammar, link
listener descriptors
Listener descriptors | 2. Speech audiometry
listening effort
Quality measures | Overall quality reference conditions | Judgment laboratory tests | Recommendations on judgment testing | Recommendations on judgment testing | ITU-T Overall Quality Test
Lombard effect
Orthographic identity and phonetic | Channel conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Speech quality and conditions | Pre-production parameters | Transformation of speech databases
LPC data
Spoken language corpus | Speech synthesis | Introduction | Physical transcription | Segmental reference conditions
LTI system
see Linear and Time-Invariant (LTI) system



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